基于遗传算法特征选择及单层感知机模型的IMDB电影评论文本分类案例

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1.数据载入及处理

import torch
import torch.nn as nn
import torch.optim as optim
from torch.utils.data import DataLoader, TensorDataset
import numpy as np
from keras.datasets import imdb
from keras.preprocessing import sequence
from sklearn.feature_extraction.text import CountVectorizer
import matplotlib.pyplot as pltmax_features = 10000
maxlen = 200
batch_size = 32# 加载IMDB数据集
print('Loading data...')
(input_train, y_train), (input_test, y_test) = imdb.load_data(num_words=max_features)
print(len(input_train), 'train sequences')
print(len(input_test), 'test sequences')# 限定评论长度，并进行填充
print('Pad sequences (samples x time)')
input_train = sequence.pad_sequences(input_train, maxlen=maxlen)[:2000]
input_test = sequence.pad_sequences(input_test, maxlen=maxlen)[:2000]
print('input_train shape:', input_train.shape)
print('input_test shape:', input_test.shape)# 将整数序列转换为文本
word_index = imdb.get_word_index()
reverse_word_index = dict([(value, key) for (key, value) in word_index.items()])
decoded_review = ' '.join([reverse_word_index.get(i - 3, '?') for i in input_train[0]])# 使用词袋模型表示文本
vectorizer = CountVectorizer(max_features=max_features)
X_train = vectorizer.fit_transform([' '.join([reverse_word_index.get(i - 3, '?') for i in sequence]) for sequence in input_train])
X_test = vectorizer.transform([' '.join([reverse_word_index.get(i - 3, '?') for i in sequence]) for sequence in input_test])# 转换数据为PyTorch张量
X_train_tensor = torch.tensor(X_train.toarray(), dtype=torch.float32)
y_train_tensor = torch.tensor(y_train, dtype=torch.float32)
X_test_tensor = torch.tensor(X_test.toarray(), dtype=torch.float32)
y_test_tensor = torch.tensor(y_test, dtype=torch.float32)batch_size = 2000
train_iter = DataLoader(TensorDataset(X_train_tensor, y_train_tensor), batch_size)
test_iter = DataLoader(TensorDataset(X_test_tensor, y_test_tensor), batch_size)

2.感知机模型建立

# 定义感知机网络
class Perceptron(nn.Module):def __init__(self, input_size):super(Perceptron, self).__init__()self.fc = nn.Linear(input_size, 1)self.sigmoid = nn.Sigmoid()def forward(self, x):x = self.fc(x)x = self.sigmoid(x)return x# 训练感知机模型
def train(model, iterator, optimizer, criterion):model.train()for batch in iterator:optimizer.zero_grad()text, label = batchpredictions = model(text).squeeze(1)loss = criterion(predictions, label)loss.backward()optimizer.step()# 测试感知机模型
def evaluate(model, iterator, criterion):model.eval()total_loss = 0total_correct = 0with torch.no_grad():for batch in iterator:text, label = batchpredictions = model(text).squeeze(1)loss = criterion(predictions, label)total_loss += loss.item()rounded_preds = torch.round(predictions)total_correct += (rounded_preds == label).sum().item()return total_loss / len(iterator), total_correct / len(iterator.dataset)# 初始化感知机模型
input_size = X_train_tensor.shape[1]
model = Perceptron(input_size)

3.模型训练

# # 定义损失函数和优化器
criterion = nn.BCELoss()
optimizer = optim.Adam(model.parameters(), lr=0.001)N_EPOCHS = 10
eval_acc_list = []
for epoch in range(N_EPOCHS):train(model, train_iter, optimizer, criterion)eval_loss, eval_acc = evaluate(model, test_iter, criterion)eval_acc_list.append(eval_acc)print(f'Epoch: {epoch+1}, Test Loss: {eval_loss:.3f}, Test Acc: {eval_acc*100:.2f}%')plt.plot(range(N_EPOCHS), eval_acc_list)
plt.title('Test Accuracy')
plt.xlabel('epoch')
plt.ylabel('accuracy')
plt.show()

4.遗传算法进行特征选择

# 随机初始化染色体
def initialize_population(population_size, num_genes):# # Option 1:# p=np.array([0.05,0.95])# return np.random.choice([0, 1], size=(population_size, num_genes), p=p.ravel())# Option 2:return np.random.choice([0, 1], size=(population_size, num_genes))# 计算适应值，以分类器的准确度
def calculate_fitness(population, model, criterion):fitness = []for chromosome in population: # population: a 0-1 sequence selected_features = np.where(chromosome == 1)[0] # 更新模型输入维度input_dim = len(selected_features)model.fc = nn.Linear(input_dim, 1)optimizer = optim.Adam(model.parameters(), lr=0.001)idx = torch.tensor(selected_features)        train_iter = DataLoader(TensorDataset(X_train_tensor[:, idx], y_train_tensor), batch_size)test_iter = DataLoader(TensorDataset(X_test_tensor[:, idx], y_test_tensor), batch_size)# 训练并获取准确度N_EPOCHS = 10for epoch in range(N_EPOCHS):train(model, train_iter, optimizer, criterion)test_loss, test_acc = evaluate(model, test_iter, criterion)model.train() fitness.append(test_acc)return np.array(fitness)# 选择
def selection(population, fitness): # input populations and their accuracyprobabilities = fitness / sum(fitness) # the accuracy-based probability of selection# # Option 1: no random in selection, choose the top 2 as parents# probabilities_copy = probabilities.copy()# probabilities_copy.sort()# max_1 = probabilities_copy[-1]# max_2 = probabilities_copy[-2]# max_1_index = np.where(probabilities == max_1)# max_2_index = np.where(probabilities == max_2)# selected_indices = [max_1_index[0].tolist()[0], max_2_index[0].tolist()[0]] * 25# Option 2: random selected_indices = np.random.choice(range(len(population)), size=len(population), p=probabilities)return population[selected_indices]# 交叉
def crossover(parents, crossover_rate):children = []for i in range(0, len(parents), 2):parent1, parent2 = parents[i], parents[i + 1]if np.random.rand() < crossover_rate:crossover_point = np.random.randint(1, len(parent1))child1 = np.concatenate((parent1[:crossover_point], parent2[crossover_point:]))child2 = np.concatenate((parent2[:crossover_point], parent1[crossover_point:]))else:child1, child2 = parent1, parent2children.extend([child1, child2])return np.array(children)# 变异
def mutation(children, mutation_rate):for i in range(len(children)):mutation_points = np.where(np.random.rand(len(children[i])) < mutation_rate)[0]children[i][mutation_points] = 1 - children[i][mutation_points]  # keyreturn children# 定义遗传算法的主函数
def genetic_algorithm(population_size, num_genes, generations, crossover_rate, mutation_rate, model, criterion):# 初始化染色体population = initialize_population(population_size, num_genes)fitness_list = []for generation in range(generations):print('Generation', generation+1, ":")fitness = calculate_fitness(population, model, criterion) # return a list (1, population_size) with history test acc# 选择selected_population = selection(population, fitness) # return a list, (population_size, num_genes / input_size / sentence_length), each adjacent are parents# 交叉children = crossover(selected_population, crossover_rate)# 变异mutated_children = mutation(children, mutation_rate)# 形成新种群population = mutated_children# 输出当前最优解best_individual = population[np.argmax(fitness)]fitness_list.append(fitness.max())print(f"Generation {generation + 1}, Best Individual: {best_individual}, Fitness: {fitness.max()}")plt.plot(range(generations), fitness_list)plt.title('Test Accuracy with feature selection via genetic algorithm')plt.xlabel('epoch')plt.ylabel('accuracy')plt.show()# 返回最优解best_individual = population[np.argmax(fitness)]return best_individual# 调用遗传算法
model = Perceptron(input_size)
best_solution = genetic_algorithm(population_size=50, num_genes=input_size, generations=10, crossover_rate=0.8, mutation_rate=0.1, model=model, criterion=criterion)
print(f"Final Best Solution: {best_solution}")# 解释最优解
selected_features = np.where(best_solution == 1)[0]
print(f"Selected Features: {selected_features}")
print("Shape of Selected Features = ",selected_features.shape)

注意

1. 在本任务中，selection函数中第一个option 1仅选择效果最好的两个染色体作为父母比option 2在population中随机选择的效率更高（10轮次后，验证集精度74%>71%）；
2. 在本任务中，初始化initialize_population函数中指定选择更多的特征（95%, Option 1）比随机选择特征（50%, Option 2）的效率更高；
3. 每一次基于筛选输入特征的维度修改模型结构参数后，需要注意重申一下 optimizer变量，因为optimizer的声明中涉及model.parameters()

5.联系我们

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