k8s学习--kubernetes服务自动伸缩之水平收缩(pod副本收缩)VPA策略应用案例

本文主要是介绍k8s学习--kubernetes服务自动伸缩之水平收缩(pod副本收缩)VPA策略应用案例,希望对大家解决编程问题提供一定的参考价值,需要的开发者们随着小编来一起学习吧!

文章目录

  • 前言
  • 应用
    • 环境
      • 1.VPA应用案例 updateMode: "Off"
        • (1)创建应用实例
        • (2)创建vpa
      • 2.VPA应用案例 updateMode: "Auto"
        • (1)创建应用
      • (2)创建vpa
        • (3)执行压测


前言

有任何疑问或不懂的地方均可评论或私信,欢迎交流
关于VPA的详细解释
链接: VPA的详细解释

策略
在VPA中,updateMode 是一个重要的配置选项,它决定了VPA如何应用其提供的资源建议。根据不同的设置,VPA可以采取不同的策略来更新Pod的资源配置:

Off:
VPA不会应用任何资源推荐,只是收集和显示数据。


Auto
概述:
自动调整策略在无需重启 Pod 的情况下动态调整其资源请求。

特性:
动态调整: Pod 的资源请求在运行时逐步增加。

优点:
无需重启 Pod 即可调整资源,最小化中断。
提供更及时的资源调整,适合短周期和不稳定的负载。

缺点:
由于容器运行时资源的硬限制,可能无法完全满足新资源请求,导致资源不足。


Recreate
概述:
当资源需求变化时,使用重建策略重新启动 Pod 以调整资源请求。

特性:
重启调整:Pod 会被杀死并重新创建,以适应新的资源请求。

优点:
确保 Pod 能获取到新的资源请求,避免运行时的资源限制问题。
适合稳定负载且可以容忍短暂停机的应用。

缺点:
重启 Pod 会引起短暂的服务中断。
不适合要求高可用性且不能容忍重启的工作负载。


Initial
概述:
初始调整策略仅在 Pod 第一次创建时设置资源请求,不会对运行中的 Pod 进行调整。
特性:
静态调整:在 Pod 创建时基于历史数据设定初始资源请求。

优点:
避免了运行时调整带来的复杂性。
适合长期运行的负载,初始设置资源合理即可。

缺点:
无法调整已经运行的 Pod 的资源,若需求变化则需手动干预。

应用

环境

虚拟机

Ip主机名cpu内存硬盘
192.168.10.11master012cpu双核4G100G
192.168.10.12worker012cpu双核4G100G
192.168.10.13worker022cpu双核4G100G

版本 centos7.9
已部署k8s-1.27

1.VPA应用案例 updateMode: “Off”

(1)创建应用实例

VPA不会应用任何资源推荐,只是收集和显示数据。

vim 03-nginx.yaml
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:labels:app: nginxname: nginxnamespace: default
spec:replicas: 2selector:matchLabels:app: nginxtemplate:metadata:labels:app: nginxspec:containers:- name: nginximage: nginx:latest imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresentresources:requests:cpu: 100mmemory: 250Mi
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:name: nginxnamespace: default
spec:type: NodePortports:- port: 80targetPort: 80selector:app: nginx
kubectl apply -f 03-nginx.yaml
kubectl get pods

在这里插入图片描述

kubectl get svc

在这里插入图片描述

(2)创建vpa

使用updateMode: "Off"模式,这种模式仅获取资源推荐,不更新Pod

 vim nginx-vpa.yaml
apiVersion: autoscaling.k8s.io/v1
kind: VerticalPodAutoscaler
metadata:name: nginx-vpanamespace: default
spec:targetRef:apiVersion: "apps/v1"kind: Deploymentname: nginxupdatePolicy:updateMode: "Off"resourcePolicy:containerPolicies:- containerName: "nginx"minAllowed:cpu: "250m"memory: "100Mi"maxAllowed:cpu: "2000m"memory: "2048Mi"
kubectl apply -f nginx-vpa.yamlkubectl get vpa

稍等片刻
在这里插入图片描述

kubectl describe vpa nginx-vpa
Name:         nginx-vpa
Namespace:    default
Labels:       <none>
Annotations:  <none>
API Version:  autoscaling.k8s.io/v1
Kind:         VerticalPodAutoscaler
Metadata:Creation Timestamp:  2024-06-09T11:10:34ZGeneration:          1Resource Version:    19449UID:                 be19f937-fb0c-4c33-a559-4e5aa52043b8
Spec:Resource Policy:Container Policies:Container Name:  nginxMax Allowed:Cpu:     2000mMemory:  2048MiMin Allowed:Cpu:     250mMemory:  100MiTarget Ref:API Version:  apps/v1Kind:         DeploymentName:         nginxUpdate Policy:Update Mode:  Off
Status:Conditions:Last Transition Time:  2024-06-09T11:11:17ZStatus:                TrueType:                  RecommendationProvidedRecommendation:Container Recommendations:Container Name:  nginxLower Bound:Cpu:     250mMemory:  262144kTarget:Cpu:     250mMemory:  262144kUncapped Target:Cpu:     25mMemory:  262144kUpper Bound:Cpu:     1142mMemory:  1194357142
Events:          <none>

解释如下:
Recommendation::包含对Pod资源需求的推荐值。
Container Recommendations::针对特定容器的推荐值。
Container Name::容器名称。
Lower Bound::推荐的下限资源量。
Target::推荐的最优资源量。
Uncapped Target::如果没有上限约束,则为目标资源量。
Upper Bound::推荐的上限资源量。

kubectl get svc

在这里插入图片描述

yum -y install httpd-tools
ab -c 1000 -n 100000000 http://192.168.10.11:30478/

打开一个新终端

kubectl describe vpa nginx-vpa
Name:         nginx-vpa
Namespace:    default
Labels:       <none>
Annotations:  <none>
API Version:  autoscaling.k8s.io/v1
Kind:         VerticalPodAutoscaler
Metadata:Creation Timestamp:  2024-06-09T11:10:34ZGeneration:          1Resource Version:    20221UID:                 be19f937-fb0c-4c33-a559-4e5aa52043b8
Spec:Resource Policy:Container Policies:Container Name:  nginxMax Allowed:Cpu:     2000mMemory:  2048MiMin Allowed:Cpu:     250mMemory:  100MiTarget Ref:API Version:  apps/v1Kind:         DeploymentName:         nginxUpdate Policy:Update Mode:  Off
Status:Conditions:Last Transition Time:  2024-06-09T11:11:17ZStatus:                TrueType:                  RecommendationProvidedRecommendation:Container Recommendations:Container Name:  nginxLower Bound:Cpu:     250mMemory:  262144kTarget:Cpu:     250mMemory:  262144kUncapped Target:Cpu:     25mMemory:  262144kUpper Bound:Cpu:     802mMemory:  838810574
Events:          <none>

由于使用updateMode: “Off”,所以没有更新pod

kubectl get pods

在这里插入图片描述

2.VPA应用案例 updateMode: “Auto”

此模式当目前运行的pod的资源达不到VPA的推荐值,就会执行pod驱逐,重新部署新的足够资源的服务

(1)创建应用
vim 05-nginx.yaml
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:labels:app: nginxname: nginxnamespace: default
spec:replicas: 2selector:matchLabels:app: nginxtemplate:metadata:labels:app: nginxspec:containers:- name: nginximage: nginx:latestimagePullPolicy: IfNotPresentresources:requests:cpu: 100mmemory: 50Mi
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:name: nginxnamespace: default
spec:type: NodePortports:- port: 80targetPort: 80selector:app: nginx
kubectl apply -f 05-nginx.yamlkubectl get pods
 kubectl apply -f 05-nginx.yamlkubectl get pods

在这里插入图片描述

(2)创建vpa

vim nginx-vpa-auto.yaml
apiVersion: autoscaling.k8s.io/v1
kind: VerticalPodAutoscaler
metadata:name: nginx-vpa-autonamespace: default
spec:targetRef:apiVersion: "apps/v1"kind: Deploymentname: nginxupdatePolicy:updateMode: "Auto"resourcePolicy:containerPolicies:- containerName: "nginx"minAllowed:cpu: "250m"memory: "100Mi"maxAllowed:cpu: "2000m"memory: "2048Mi"
 kubectl apply -f nginx-vpa-auto.yaml
kubectl get vpa

在这里插入图片描述

(3)执行压测
kubectl get svc

在这里插入图片描述

ab -c 1000 -n 1000000000 http://192.168.10.11:31115/

打开另一个终端

 kubectl describe vpa nginx-vpa-auto
Name:         nginx-vpa-auto
Namespace:    default
Labels:       <none>
Annotations:  <none>
API Version:  autoscaling.k8s.io/v1
Kind:         VerticalPodAutoscaler
Metadata:Creation Timestamp:  2024-06-09T11:27:07ZGeneration:          1Resource Version:    21845UID:                 453b03aa-fba5-4bcd-aa66-f85e43a57521
Spec:Resource Policy:Container Policies:Container Name:  nginxMax Allowed:Cpu:     2000mMemory:  2048MiMin Allowed:Cpu:     250mMemory:  100MiTarget Ref:API Version:  apps/v1Kind:         DeploymentName:         nginxUpdate Policy:Update Mode:  Auto
Status:Conditions:Last Transition Time:  2024-06-09T11:27:17ZStatus:                TrueType:                  RecommendationProvidedRecommendation:Container Recommendations:Container Name:  nginxLower Bound:Cpu:     250mMemory:  262144kTarget:Cpu:     250mMemory:  262144kUncapped Target:Cpu:     25mMemory:  262144kUpper Bound:Cpu:     521mMemory:  545693548
Events:          <none>
 kubectl get event
LAST SEEN   TYPE      REASON                   OBJECT                        MESSAGE
38m         Normal    Scheduled                pod/nginx-59d7c8bd89-q27gc    Successfully assigned default/nginx-59d7c8bd89-q27gc to worker02
38m         Normal    Pulling                  pod/nginx-59d7c8bd89-q27gc    Pulling image "nginx:latest"
38m         Normal    Pulled                   pod/nginx-59d7c8bd89-q27gc    Successfully pulled image "nginx:latest" in 18.118818504s (18.118826419s including waiting)
38m         Normal    Created                  pod/nginx-59d7c8bd89-q27gc    Created container nginx
38m         Normal    Started                  pod/nginx-59d7c8bd89-q27gc    Started container nginx
11m         Normal    Killing                  pod/nginx-59d7c8bd89-q27gc    Stopping container nginx
38m         Normal    Scheduled                pod/nginx-59d7c8bd89-qb4p4    Successfully assigned default/nginx-59d7c8bd89-qb4p4 to worker01
38m         Normal    Pulling                  pod/nginx-59d7c8bd89-qb4p4    Pulling image "nginx:latest"
38m         Normal    Pulled                   pod/nginx-59d7c8bd89-qb4p4    Successfully pulled image "nginx:latest" in 17.842596583s (17.842603536s including waiting)
38m         Normal    Created                  pod/nginx-59d7c8bd89-qb4p4    Created container nginx
38m         Normal    Started                  pod/nginx-59d7c8bd89-qb4p4    Started container nginx
11m         Normal    Killing                  pod/nginx-59d7c8bd89-qb4p4    Stopping container nginx
38m         Normal    SuccessfulCreate         replicaset/nginx-59d7c8bd89   Created pod: nginx-59d7c8bd89-q27gc
38m         Normal    SuccessfulCreate         replicaset/nginx-59d7c8bd89   Created pod: nginx-59d7c8bd89-qb4p4
11m         Normal    Scheduled                pod/nginx-6f78fbb759-hcbc6    Successfully assigned default/nginx-6f78fbb759-hcbc6 to worker02
11m         Normal    Pulled                   pod/nginx-6f78fbb759-hcbc6    Container image "nginx:latest" already present on machine
11m         Normal    Created                  pod/nginx-6f78fbb759-hcbc6    Created container nginx
11m         Normal    Started                  pod/nginx-6f78fbb759-hcbc6    Started container nginx
10m         Normal    Killing                  pod/nginx-6f78fbb759-hcbc6    Stopping container nginx
9m51s       Normal    Scheduled                pod/nginx-6f78fbb759-jhf7h    Successfully assigned default/nginx-6f78fbb759-jhf7h to worker02
9m51s       Normal    Pulled                   pod/nginx-6f78fbb759-jhf7h    Container image "nginx:latest" already present on machine
9m51s       Normal    Created                  pod/nginx-6f78fbb759-jhf7h    Created container nginx
9m51s       Normal    Started                  pod/nginx-6f78fbb759-jhf7h    Started container nginx
6m31s       Normal    Killing                  pod/nginx-6f78fbb759-jhf7h    Stopping container nginx
6m31s       Normal    EvictedByVPA             pod/nginx-6f78fbb759-jhf7h    Pod was evicted by VPA Updater to apply resource recommendation.
6m30s       Normal    Scheduled                pod/nginx-6f78fbb759-mcppm    Successfully assigned default/nginx-6f78fbb759-mcppm to worker02
6m30s       Normal    Pulled                   pod/nginx-6f78fbb759-mcppm    Container image "nginx:latest" already present on machine
6m30s       Normal    Created                  pod/nginx-6f78fbb759-mcppm    Created container nginx
6m30s       Normal    Started                  pod/nginx-6f78fbb759-mcppm    Started container nginx
9m51s       Normal    Scheduled                pod/nginx-6f78fbb759-s4xzm    Successfully assigned default/nginx-6f78fbb759-s4xzm to worker01
9m51s       Normal    Pulled                   pod/nginx-6f78fbb759-s4xzm    Container image "nginx:latest" already present on machine
9m51s       Normal    Created                  pod/nginx-6f78fbb759-s4xzm    Created container nginx
9m51s       Normal    Started                  pod/nginx-6f78fbb759-s4xzm    Started container nginx
7m31s       Normal    EvictedByVPA             pod/nginx-6f78fbb759-s4xzm    Pod was evicted by VPA Updater to apply resource recommendation.
7m31s       Normal    Killing                  pod/nginx-6f78fbb759-s4xzm    Stopping container nginx
7m30s       Normal    Scheduled                pod/nginx-6f78fbb759-x986h    Successfully assigned default/nginx-6f78fbb759-x986h to worker01
7m30s       Normal    Pulled                   pod/nginx-6f78fbb759-x986h    Container image "nginx:latest" already present on machine
7m30s       Normal    Created                  pod/nginx-6f78fbb759-x986h    Created container nginx
7m30s       Normal    Started                  pod/nginx-6f78fbb759-x986h    Started container nginx
11m         Normal    Scheduled                pod/nginx-6f78fbb759-z4sxb    Successfully assigned default/nginx-6f78fbb759-z4sxb to worker01
11m         Normal    Pulled                   pod/nginx-6f78fbb759-z4sxb    Container image "nginx:latest" already present on machine
11m         Normal    Created                  pod/nginx-6f78fbb759-z4sxb    Created container nginx
11m         Normal    Started                  pod/nginx-6f78fbb759-z4sxb    Started container nginx
10m         Normal    Killing                  pod/nginx-6f78fbb759-z4sxb    Stopping container nginx
11m         Normal    SuccessfulCreate         replicaset/nginx-6f78fbb759   Created pod: nginx-6f78fbb759-hcbc6
11m         Normal    SuccessfulCreate         replicaset/nginx-6f78fbb759   Created pod: nginx-6f78fbb759-z4sxb
9m52s       Normal    SuccessfulCreate         replicaset/nginx-6f78fbb759   Created pod: nginx-6f78fbb759-jhf7h
9m52s       Normal    SuccessfulCreate         replicaset/nginx-6f78fbb759   Created pod: nginx-6f78fbb759-s4xzm
7m31s       Normal    SuccessfulCreate         replicaset/nginx-6f78fbb759   Created pod: nginx-6f78fbb759-x986h
6m31s       Normal    SuccessfulCreate         replicaset/nginx-6f78fbb759   Created pod: nginx-6f78fbb759-mcppm
38m         Normal    ScalingReplicaSet        deployment/nginx              Scaled up replica set nginx-59d7c8bd89 to 2
11m         Normal    ScalingReplicaSet        deployment/nginx              Scaled up replica set nginx-6f78fbb759 to 2
10m         Warning   FailedToUpdateEndpoint   endpoints/nginx               Failed to update endpoint default/nginx: Operation cannot be fulfilled on endpoints "nginx": the object has been modified; please apply your changes to the latest version and try again
9m52s       Normal    ScalingReplicaSet        deployment/nginx              Scaled up replica set nginx-6f78fbb759 to 2

从输出信息可以了解到,vpa执行了EvictedByVPA,自动停掉了nginx,然后使用 VPA推荐的资源启动了新的nginx,我们查看下nginx的pod可以得到确认

kubectl describe pods nginx-6f78fbb759-mcppm
Name:             nginx-6f78fbb759-mcppm
Namespace:        default
Priority:         0
Service Account:  default
Node:             worker02/192.168.10.13
Start Time:       Sun, 09 Jun 2024 19:29:09 +0800
Labels:           app=nginxpod-template-hash=6f78fbb759
Annotations:      cni.projectcalico.org/containerID: 145e1f8509982da00e61eb180bb9f3b52e527bc94d8657237d340fd9bf01475acni.projectcalico.org/podIP: 10.244.30.72/32cni.projectcalico.org/podIPs: 10.244.30.72/32vpaObservedContainers: nginxvpaUpdates: Pod resources updated by nginx-vpa-auto: container 0: cpu request, memory request
Status:           Running
IP:               10.244.30.72
IPs:IP:           10.244.30.72
Controlled By:  ReplicaSet/nginx-6f78fbb759
Containers:nginx:Container ID:   docker://97f865221289a48d042dfd039b2eb33876c2d08a89c2f7863fd7e42b5f7f8018Image:          nginx:latestImage ID:       docker-pullable://nginx@sha256:0f04e4f646a3f14bf31d8bc8d885b6c951fdcf42589d06845f64d18aec6a3c4dPort:           <none>Host Port:      <none>State:          RunningStarted:      Sun, 09 Jun 2024 19:29:10 +0800Ready:          TrueRestart Count:  0Requests:cpu:        250mmemory:     262144kEnvironment:  <none>Mounts:/var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount from kube-api-access-gfzhm (ro)
Conditions:Type              StatusInitialized       True Ready             True ContainersReady   True PodScheduled      True 
Volumes:kube-api-access-gfzhm:Type:                    Projected (a volume that contains injected data from multiple sources)TokenExpirationSeconds:  3607ConfigMapName:           kube-root-ca.crtConfigMapOptional:       <nil>DownwardAPI:             true
QoS Class:                   Burstable
Node-Selectors:              <none>
Tolerations:                 node.kubernetes.io/not-ready:NoExecute op=Exists for 300snode.kubernetes.io/unreachable:NoExecute op=Exists for 300s
Events:Type    Reason     Age    From               Message----    ------     ----   ----               -------Normal  Scheduled  8m56s  default-scheduler  Successfully assigned default/nginx-6f78fbb759-mcppm to worker02Normal  Pulled     8m56s  kubelet            Container image "nginx:latest" already present on machineNormal  Created    8m56s  kubelet            Created container nginxNormal  Started    8m56s  kubelet            Started container nginx

随着服务的负载的变化,VPA的推荐值也会不断变化。当目前运行的pod的资源达不到VPA的推荐值,就会执行pod驱逐,重新部署新的足够资源的服务。

这篇关于k8s学习--kubernetes服务自动伸缩之水平收缩(pod副本收缩)VPA策略应用案例的文章就介绍到这儿,希望我们推荐的文章对编程师们有所帮助!



http://www.chinasem.cn/article/1048158

相关文章

MySQL 中的 JSON 查询案例详解

《MySQL中的JSON查询案例详解》:本文主要介绍MySQL的JSON查询的相关知识,本文给大家介绍的非常详细,对大家的学习或工作具有一定的参考借鉴价值,需要的朋友参考下吧... 目录mysql 的 jsON 路径格式基本结构路径组件详解特殊语法元素实际示例简单路径复杂路径简写操作符注意MySQL 的 J

Java学习手册之Filter和Listener使用方法

《Java学习手册之Filter和Listener使用方法》:本文主要介绍Java学习手册之Filter和Listener使用方法的相关资料,Filter是一种拦截器,可以在请求到达Servl... 目录一、Filter(过滤器)1. Filter 的工作原理2. Filter 的配置与使用二、Listen

C语言中位操作的实际应用举例

《C语言中位操作的实际应用举例》:本文主要介绍C语言中位操作的实际应用,总结了位操作的使用场景,并指出了需要注意的问题,如可读性、平台依赖性和溢出风险,文中通过代码介绍的非常详细,需要的朋友可以参... 目录1. 嵌入式系统与硬件寄存器操作2. 网络协议解析3. 图像处理与颜色编码4. 高效处理布尔标志集合

SpringBoot基于配置实现短信服务策略的动态切换

《SpringBoot基于配置实现短信服务策略的动态切换》这篇文章主要为大家详细介绍了SpringBoot在接入多个短信服务商(如阿里云、腾讯云、华为云)后,如何根据配置或环境切换使用不同的服务商,需... 目录目标功能示例配置(application.yml)配置类绑定短信发送策略接口示例:阿里云 & 腾

Python Transformers库(NLP处理库)案例代码讲解

《PythonTransformers库(NLP处理库)案例代码讲解》本文介绍transformers库的全面讲解,包含基础知识、高级用法、案例代码及学习路径,内容经过组织,适合不同阶段的学习者,对... 目录一、基础知识1. Transformers 库简介2. 安装与环境配置3. 快速上手示例二、核心模

redis过期key的删除策略介绍

《redis过期key的删除策略介绍》:本文主要介绍redis过期key的删除策略,具有很好的参考价值,希望对大家有所帮助,如有错误或未考虑完全的地方,望不吝赐教... 目录第一种策略:被动删除第二种策略:定期删除第三种策略:强制删除关于big key的清理UNLINK命令FLUSHALL/FLUSHDB命

Java中的Lambda表达式及其应用小结

《Java中的Lambda表达式及其应用小结》Java中的Lambda表达式是一项极具创新性的特性,它使得Java代码更加简洁和高效,尤其是在集合操作和并行处理方面,:本文主要介绍Java中的La... 目录前言1. 什么是Lambda表达式?2. Lambda表达式的基本语法例子1:最简单的Lambda表

springboot项目如何开启https服务

《springboot项目如何开启https服务》:本文主要介绍springboot项目如何开启https服务方式,具有很好的参考价值,希望对大家有所帮助,如有错误或未考虑完全的地方,望不吝赐教... 目录springboot项目开启https服务1. 生成SSL证书密钥库使用keytool生成自签名证书将

Python结合PyWebView库打造跨平台桌面应用

《Python结合PyWebView库打造跨平台桌面应用》随着Web技术的发展,将HTML/CSS/JavaScript与Python结合构建桌面应用成为可能,本文将系统讲解如何使用PyWebView... 目录一、技术原理与优势分析1.1 架构原理1.2 核心优势二、开发环境搭建2.1 安装依赖2.2 验

Java字符串操作技巧之语法、示例与应用场景分析

《Java字符串操作技巧之语法、示例与应用场景分析》在Java算法题和日常开发中,字符串处理是必备的核心技能,本文全面梳理Java中字符串的常用操作语法,结合代码示例、应用场景和避坑指南,可快速掌握字... 目录引言1. 基础操作1.1 创建字符串1.2 获取长度1.3 访问字符2. 字符串处理2.1 子字