本文主要是介绍Opencv实现的三次样条曲线(Cubic Spline)插值，希望对大家解决编程问题提供一定的参考价值，需要的开发者们随着小编来一起学习吧！
1.样条曲线简介
样条曲线(Spline)本质是分段多项式实函数，在实数范围内有： S:[a,b]→R ，在区间 [a,b] 上包含 k 个子区间[ti−1,ti]，且有：
a=t0<t1<⋯<tk−1<tk=b(1)
对应每一段区间 i 的存在多项式： Pi:[ti−1,ti]→R，且满足于：
S(t)=P1(t) , t0≤t<t1,S(t)=P2(t) , t1≤t<t2,⋮S(t)=Pk(t) , tk−1≤t≤tk.(2)
其中， Pi(t) 多项式中最高次项的幂，视为样条的阶数或次数（Order of spline），根据子区间 [ti−1,ti] 的区间长度是否一致分为均匀（Uniform）样条和非均匀（Non-uniform）样条。
满足了公式 (2) 的多项式有很多，为了保证曲线在 S 区间内具有据够的平滑度，一条n次样条，同时应具备处处连续且可微的性质：
P(j)i(ti)=P(j)i+1(ti);(3)
其中 i=1,…,k−1;j=0,…,n−1 。
2.三次样条曲线
2.1曲线条件
按照上述的定义，给定节点：
t:z:a=t0z0<t1z1<⋯⋯<tk−1zk−1<tkzk=b(4)
三次样条曲线满足三个条件：
- 在每段分段区间 [ti,ti+1],i=0,1,…,k−1 上， S(t)=Si(t) 都是一个三次多项式；
- 满足 S(ti)=zi,i=1,…,k−1 ;
- S(t) 的一阶导函数 S′(t) 和二阶导函数 S′′(t) 在区间 [a,b] 上都是连续的，从而曲线具有光滑性。
则三次样条的方程可以写为：
Si(t)=ai+bi(t−ti)+ci(t−ti)2+di(t−ti)3,(5)
其中， ai,bi,ci,di 分别代表 n 个未知系数。
- 曲线的连续性表示为：
Si(ti)=zi,(6)
Si(ti+1)=zi+1,(7)
其中 i=0,1,…,k−1 。
- 曲线微分连续性：
S′i(ti+1)=S′i+1(ti+1),(8)
S′′i(ti+1)=S′′i+1(ti+1),(9)
其中 i=0,1,…,k−2 。
- 曲线的导函数表达式：
S′i=bi+2ci(t−ti)+3di(t−ti)2,(10)
S′′i(x)=2ci+6di(t−ti),(11)
令区间长度 hi=ti+1−ti ，则有：
-
由公式 (6) ，可得： ai=zi ；
-
由公式 (7) ，可得： ai+bihi+cih2i+dih3i=zi+1 ；
-
由公式 (8) ，可得：
S′i(ti+1)=bi+2cihi+3dih2i ;
S′i+1(ti+1)=bi+1 ；
⇒bi+2cihi+3dih2i−bi+1=0 ； -
由公式 (9) ，可得：
S′′i(ti+1)=2ci+6dihi ；
S′′i+1(ti+1)=2ci+1 ；
⇒2ci+6dihi=2ci+1 ；设 mi=S′′i(xi)=2ci ，则：
A. mi+6dihi−mi+1=0⇒
di=mi+1−mi6hi ；B.将 ci,di 代入 zi+bihi+cih2i+dih3i=zi+1⇒
bi=zi+1−zihi−hi2mi−hi6(mi+1−mi) ；C.将 bi,ci,di 代入 bi+2cihi+3dih2i=bi+1⇒
himi+2(hi+hi+1)mi+1+hi+1mi+2=6[zi+2−zi+1hi+1−zi+1−zihi].(12)
2.2端点条件
在上述分析中，曲线段的两个端点 t0 和 tk 是不适用的，有一些常用的端点限制条件，这里只讲解自然边界。
在自然边界下，首尾两端的二阶导函数满足 S′′=0 ，即 m0=0 和 mk=0 。
3.三次样条插值类的实现
头文件
/**Cubic spline interpolation class.*
*/#ifndef CUBICSPLINEINTERPOLATION_H
#pragma once
#define CUBICSPLINEINTERPOLATION_H#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <math.h>#include <opencv2/opencv.hpp>using namespace std;
using namespace cv;/* Cubic spline interpolation coefficients */
class CubicSplineCoeffs
{
public:CubicSplineCoeffs( const int &count ){a = std::vector<double>(count);b = std::vector<double>(count);c = std::vector<double>(count);d = std::vector<double>(count);}~CubicSplineCoeffs(){std::vector<double>().swap(a);std::vector<double>().swap(b);std::vector<double>().swap(c);std::vector<double>().swap(d);}public:std::vector<double> a, b, c, d;
};enum CubicSplineMode
{CUBIC_NATURAL, // NaturalCUBIC_CLAMPED, // TODO: ClampedCUBIC_NOT_A_KNOT // TODO: Not a knot
};enum SplineFilterMode
{CUBIC_WITHOUT_FILTER, // without filterCUBIC_MEDIAN_FILTER // median filter
};/* Cubic spline interpolation */
class CubicSplineInterpolation
{
public:CubicSplineInterpolation() {}~CubicSplineInterpolation() {}public:/*Calculate cubic spline coefficients.- node list x (input_x);- node list y (input_y);- output coefficients (cubicCoeffs);- ends mode (splineMode).*/void calCubicSplineCoeffs( std::vector<double> &input_x,std::vector<double> &input_y, CubicSplineCoeffs *&cubicCoeffs,CubicSplineMode splineMode = CUBIC_NATURAL,SplineFilterMode filterMode = CUBIC_MEDIAN_FILTER );/*Cubic spline interpolation for a list.- input coefficients (cubicCoeffs);- input node list x (input_x);- output node list x (output_x);- output node list y (output_y);- interpolation step (interStep).*/void cubicSplineInterpolation( CubicSplineCoeffs *&cubicCoeffs,std::vector<double> &input_x, std::vector<double> &output_x,std::vector<double> &output_y, const double interStep = 0.5 );/*Cubic spline interpolation for a value.- input coefficients (cubicCoeffs);- input a value(x);- output interpolation value(y);*/void cubicSplineInterpolation2( CubicSplineCoeffs *&cubicCoeffs,std::vector<double> input_x, double x, double &y );/*calculate tridiagonal matrices with Thomas Algorithm(TDMA) :example:| b1 c1 0 0 0 0 | |x1 | |d1 || a2 b2 c2 0 0 0 | |x2 | |d2 || 0 a3 b3 c3 0 0 | |x3 | = |d3 || ... ... | |...| |...|| 0 0 0 0 an bn | |xn | |dn |Ci = ci/bi , i=1; ci / (bi - Ci-1 * ai) , i = 2, 3, ... n-1;Di = di/bi , i=1; ( di - Di-1 * ai )/(bi - Ci-1 * ai) , i = 2, 3, ..., n-1xi = Di - Ci*xi+1 , i = n-1, n-2, 1;*/bool caltridiagonalMatrices( cv::Mat_<double> &input_a,cv::Mat_<double> &input_b, cv::Mat_<double> &input_c,cv::Mat_<double> &input_d, cv::Mat_<double> &output_x );/* Calculate the curve index interpolation belongs to */int calInterpolationIndex( double &pt, std::vector<double> &input_x );/* median filtering */void cubicMedianFilter( std::vector<double> &input, const int filterSize = 5 );double cubicSort( std::vector<double> &input );// double cubicNearestValue( std::vector );
};#endif // CUBICSPLINEINTERPOLATION_H
实现文件（cpp）
/** CubicSplineInterpolation.cpp*/#include "cubicsplineinterpolation.h"void CubicSplineInterpolation::calCubicSplineCoeffs(std::vector<double> &input_x,std::vector<double> &input_y,CubicSplineCoeffs *&cubicCoeffs,CubicSplineMode splineMode /* = CUBIC_NATURAL */,SplineFilterMode filterMode /*= CUBIC_MEDIAN_FILTER*/ )
{int sizeOfx = input_x.size();int sizeOfy = input_y.size();if ( sizeOfx != sizeOfy ){std::cout << "Data input error!" << std::endl <<"Location: CubicSplineInterpolation.cpp" <<" -> calCubicSplineCoeffs()" << std::endl;return;}/*hi*mi + 2*(hi + hi+1)*mi+1 + hi+1*mi+2= 6{ (yi+2 - yi+1)/hi+1 - (yi+1 - yi)/hi }so, ignore the both ends:| - - - 0 ... 0 | |m0 || h0 2(h0+h1) h1 0 ... 0 | |m1 || 0 h1 2(h1+h2) h2 0 ... | |m2 || ... ... 0 | |...|| 0 ... 0 h(n-2) 2(h(n-2)+h(n-1)) h(n-1) | | || 0 ... ... - | |mn |*/std::vector<double> copy_y = input_y;if ( filterMode == CUBIC_MEDIAN_FILTER ){cubicMedianFilter(copy_y, 5);}const int count = sizeOfx;const int count1 = sizeOfx - 1;const int count2 = sizeOfx - 2;const int count3 = sizeOfx - 3;cubicCoeffs = new CubicSplineCoeffs( count1 );std::vector<double> step_h( count1, 0.0 );// for m matrixcv::Mat_<double> m_a(1, count2, 0.0);cv::Mat_<double> m_b(1, count2, 0.0);cv::Mat_<double> m_c(1, count2, 0.0);cv::Mat_<double> m_d(1, count2, 0.0);cv::Mat_<double> m_part(1, count2, 0.0);cv::Mat_<double> m_all(1, count, 0.0);// initial step hifor ( int idx=0; idx < count1; idx ++ ){step_h[idx] = input_x[idx+1] - input_x[idx];}// initial coefficientsfor ( int idx=0; idx < count3; idx ++ ){m_a(idx) = step_h[idx];m_b(idx) = 2 * (step_h[idx] + step_h[idx+1]);m_c(idx) = step_h[idx+1];}// initial dfor ( int idx =0; idx < count3; idx ++ ){m_d(idx) = 6 * ((copy_y[idx+2] - copy_y[idx+1]) / step_h[idx+1] -(copy_y[idx+1] - copy_y[idx]) / step_h[idx] );}//cv::Mat_<double> matOfm( count2, )bool isSucceed = caltridiagonalMatrices(m_a, m_b, m_c, m_d, m_part);if ( !isSucceed ){std::cout<<"Calculate tridiagonal matrices failed!"<<std::endl<<"Location: CubicSplineInterpolation.cpp -> " <<"caltridiagonalMatrices()"<<std::endl;return;}if ( splineMode == CUBIC_NATURAL ){m_all(0) = 0.0;m_all(count1) = 0.0;for ( int i=1; i<count1; i++ ){m_all(i) = m_part(i-1);}for ( int i=0; i<count1; i++ ){cubicCoeffs->a[i] = copy_y[i];cubicCoeffs->b[i] = ( copy_y[i+1] - copy_y[i] ) / step_h[i] -step_h[i]*( 2*m_all(i) + m_all(i+1) ) / 6;cubicCoeffs->c[i] = m_all(i) / 2.0;cubicCoeffs->d[i] = ( m_all(i+1) - m_all(i) ) / ( 6.0 * step_h[i] );}}else{std::cout<<"Not define the interpolation mode!"<<std::endl;}
}void CubicSplineInterpolation::cubicSplineInterpolation(CubicSplineCoeffs *&cubicCoeffs,std::vector<double> &input_x,std::vector<double> &output_x,std::vector<double> &output_y,const double interStep )
{const int count = input_x.size();double low = input_x[0];double high = input_x[count-1];double interBegin = low;for ( ; interBegin < high; interBegin += interStep ){int index = calInterpolationIndex(interBegin, input_x);if ( index >= 0 ){double dertx = interBegin - input_x[index];double y = cubicCoeffs->a[index] + cubicCoeffs->b[index] * dertx +cubicCoeffs->c[index] * dertx * dertx +cubicCoeffs->d[index] * dertx * dertx * dertx;output_x.push_back(interBegin);output_y.push_back(y);}}
}void CubicSplineInterpolation::cubicSplineInterpolation2(CubicSplineCoeffs *&cubicCoeffs,std::vector<double> input_x, double x, double &y)
{const int count = input_x.size();double low = input_x[0];double high = input_x[count-1];if ( x<low || x>high ){std::cout<<"The interpolation value is out of range!"<<std::endl;}else{int index = calInterpolationIndex(x, input_x);if ( index >= 0 ){double dertx = x - input_x[index];y = cubicCoeffs->a[index] + cubicCoeffs->b[index] * dertx +cubicCoeffs->c[index] * dertx * dertx +cubicCoeffs->d[index] * dertx * dertx * dertx;}else{std::cout<<"Can't find the interpolation range!"<<std::endl;}}
}bool CubicSplineInterpolation::caltridiagonalMatrices(cv::Mat_<double> &input_a,cv::Mat_<double> &input_b,cv::Mat_<double> &input_c,cv::Mat_<double> &input_d,cv::Mat_<double> &output_x )
{int rows = input_a.rows;int cols = input_a.cols;if ( ( rows == 1 && cols > rows ) ||(cols == 1 && rows > cols ) ){const int count = ( rows > cols ? rows : cols ) - 1;output_x = cv::Mat_<double>::zeros(rows, cols);cv::Mat_<double> cCopy, dCopy;input_c.copyTo(cCopy);input_d.copyTo(dCopy);if ( input_b(0) != 0 ){cCopy(0) /= input_b(0);dCopy(0) /= input_b(0);}else{return false;}for ( int i=1; i < count; i++ ){double temp = input_b(i) - input_a(i) * cCopy(i-1);if ( temp == 0.0 ){return false;}cCopy(i) /= temp;dCopy(i) = ( dCopy(i) - dCopy(i-1)*input_a(i) ) / temp;}output_x(count) = dCopy(count);for ( int i=count-2; i > 0; i-- ){output_x(i) = dCopy(i) - cCopy(i)*output_x(i+1);}return true;}else{return false;}
}int CubicSplineInterpolation::calInterpolationIndex(double &pt, std::vector<double> &input_x )
{const int count = input_x.size()-1;int index = -1;for ( int i=0; i<count; i++ ){if ( pt > input_x[i] && pt <= input_x[i+1] ){index = i;return index;}}return index;
}void CubicSplineInterpolation::cubicMedianFilter(std::vector<double> &input, const int filterSize /* = 5 */ )
{const int count = input.size();for ( int i=filterSize/2; i<count-filterSize/2; i++ ){std::vector<double> temp(filterSize, 0.0);for ( int j=0; j<filterSize; j++ ){temp[j] = input[i+j - filterSize/2];}input[i] = cubicSort(temp);std::vector<double>().swap(temp);}for ( int i=0; i<filterSize/2; i++ ){std::vector<double> temp(filterSize, 0.0);for ( int j=0; j<filterSize; j++ ){temp[j] = input[j];}input[i] = cubicSort(temp);std::vector<double>().swap(temp);}for ( int i=count-filterSize/2; i<count; i++ ){std::vector<double> temp(filterSize, 0.0);for ( int j=0; j<filterSize; j++ ){temp[j] = input[j];}input[i] = cubicSort(temp);std::vector<double>().swap(temp);}
}double CubicSplineInterpolation::cubicSort( std::vector<double> &input )
{int iCount = input.size();for ( int j=0; j<iCount-1; j++ ){for ( int k=iCount-1; k>j; k-- ){if ( input[k-1] > input[k] ){double tp = input[k];input[k] = input[k-1];input[k-1] = tp;}}}return input[iCount/2];
}
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