【数据挖掘】二手车交易价格预测（六）模型融合

五、模型融合

赛题：零基础入门数据挖掘 - 二手车交易价格预测

地址：https://tianchi.aliyun.com/competition/entrance/231784/introduction?spm=5176.12281957.1004.1.38b02448ausjSX

5.1 模型融合目标

• 对于多种调参完成的模型进行模型融合。

• 完成对于多种模型的融合，提交融合结果并打卡。

5.2 内容介绍

模型融合是比赛后期一个重要的环节，大体来说有如下的类型方式。

1. 简单加权融合:

   • 回归（分类概率）：算术平均融合（Arithmetic mean），几何平均融合（Geometric mean）；
   • 分类：投票（Voting)
   • 综合：排序融合(Rank averaging)，log融合

2. stacking/blending:

   • 构建多层模型，并利用预测结果再拟合预测。

3. boosting/bagging（在xgboost，Adaboost,GBDT中已经用到）:

   • 多树的提升方法

5.3 Stacking相关理论介绍

1) 什么是 stacking

简单来说 stacking 就是当用初始训练数据学习出若干个基学习器后，将这几个学习器的预测结果作为新的训练集，来学习一个新的学习器。

将个体学习器结合在一起的时候使用的方法叫做结合策略。对于分类问题，我们可以使用投票法来选择输出最多的类。对于回归问题，我们可以将分类器输出的结果求平均值。

上面说的投票法和平均法都是很有效的结合策略，还有一种结合策略是使用另外一个机器学习算法来将个体机器学习器的结果结合在一起，这个方法就是Stacking。

在stacking方法中，我们把个体学习器叫做初级学习器，用于结合的学习器叫做次级学习器或元学习器（meta-learner），次级学习器用于训练的数据叫做次级训练集。次级训练集是在训练集上用初级学习器得到的。

2) 如何进行 stacking

算法示意图如下：

引用自 西瓜书《机器学习》

• 过程1-3 是训练出来个体学习器，也就是初级学习器。
• 过程5-9是 使用训练出来的个体学习器来得预测的结果，这个预测的结果当做次级学习器的训练集。
• 过程11 是用初级学习器预测的结果训练出次级学习器，得到我们最后训练的模型。

3）Stacking的方法讲解

首先，我们先从一种“不那么正确”但是容易懂的Stacking方法讲起。

Stacking模型本质上是一种分层的结构，这里简单起见，只分析二级Stacking.假设我们有2个基模型 Model1_1、Model1_2 和 一个次级模型Model2

Step 1. 基模型 Model1_1，对训练集train训练，然后用于预测 train 和 test 的标签列，分别是P1，T1

Model1_1 模型训练:

KaTeX parse error: Expected '}', got '_' at position 120: …^{\text {Model1_̲1 Train} }\left…

训练后的模型 Model1_1 分别在 train 和 test 上预测，得到预测标签分别是P1，T1

KaTeX parse error: Expected '}', got '_' at position 120: …^{\text {Model1_̲1 Predict} }\le…

KaTeX parse error: Expected '}', got '_' at position 119: …^{\text {Model1_̲1 Predict} }\le…

Step 2. 基模型 Model1_2 ，对训练集train训练，然后用于预测train和test的标签列，分别是P2，T2

Model1_2 模型训练:

KaTeX parse error: Expected '}', got '_' at position 120: …^{\text {Model1_̲2 Train} }\left…

训练后的模型 Model1_2 分别在 train 和 test 上预测，得到预测标签分别是P2，T2

KaTeX parse error: Expected '}', got '_' at position 120: …^{\text {Model1_̲2 Predict} }\le…

KaTeX parse error: Expected '}', got '_' at position 119: …^{\text {Model1_̲2 Predict} }\le…

Step 3. 分别把P1,P2以及T1,T2合并，得到一个新的训练集和测试集train2,test2.

KaTeX parse error: Expected '}', got '_' at position 159: …}^{\text {Train_̲2 }} and \ov…

再用 次级模型 Model2 以真实训练集标签为标签训练,以train2为特征进行训练，预测test2,得到最终的测试集预测的标签列 $Y_{Pre}$。

KaTeX parse error: Expected '}', got '_' at position 159: …}^{\text {Train_̲2 }} \overbrace…

KaTeX parse error: Expected '}', got '_' at position 158: …)}^{\text {Test_̲2 }} \overbrace…

这就是我们两层堆叠的一种基本的原始思路想法。在不同模型预测的结果基础上再加一层模型，进行再训练，从而得到模型最终的预测。

Stacking本质上就是这么直接的思路，但是直接这样有时对于如果训练集和测试集分布不那么一致的情况下是有一点问题的，其问题在于用初始模型训练的标签再利用真实标签进行再训练，毫无疑问会导致一定的模型过拟合训练集，这样或许模型在测试集上的泛化能力或者说效果会有一定的下降，因此现在的问题变成了如何降低再训练的过拟合性，这里我们一般有两种方法。

• 1. 次级模型尽量选择简单的线性模型
• 2. 利用K折交叉验证

K-折交叉验证：
训练：

预测：

5.4 代码示例

5.4.1 回归\分类概率-融合：

1）简单加权平均，结果直接融合

## 生成一些简单的样本数据，test_prei 代表第i个模型的预测值
test_pre1 = [1.2, 3.2, 2.1, 6.2]
test_pre2 = [0.9, 3.1, 2.0, 5.9]
test_pre3 = [1.1, 2.9, 2.2, 6.0]# y_test_true 代表第模型的真实值
y_test_true = [1, 3, 2, 6] 

import numpy as np
import pandas as pd## 定义结果的加权平均函数
def Weighted_method(test_pre1,test_pre2,test_pre3,w=[1/3,1/3,1/3]):Weighted_result = w[0]*pd.Series(test_pre1)+w[1]*pd.Series(test_pre2)+w[2]*pd.Series(test_pre3)return Weighted_result

from sklearn import metrics
# 各模型的预测结果计算MAE
print('Pred1 MAE:',metrics.mean_absolute_error(y_test_true, test_pre1))
print('Pred2 MAE:',metrics.mean_absolute_error(y_test_true, test_pre2))
print('Pred3 MAE:',metrics.mean_absolute_error(y_test_true, test_pre3))

Pred1 MAE: 0.175
Pred2 MAE: 0.075
Pred3 MAE: 0.1

## 根据加权计算MAE
w = [0.3,0.4,0.3] # 定义比重权值
Weighted_pre = Weighted_method(test_pre1,test_pre2,test_pre3,w)
print('Weighted_pre MAE:',metrics.mean_absolute_error(y_test_true, Weighted_pre))

Weighted_pre MAE: 0.0575

可以发现加权结果相对于之前的结果是有提升的，这种我们称其为简单的加权平均。

还有一些特殊的形式，比如mean平均，median平均

## 定义结果的加权平均函数
def Mean_method(test_pre1,test_pre2,test_pre3):Mean_result = pd.concat([pd.Series(test_pre1),pd.Series(test_pre2),pd.Series(test_pre3)],axis=1).mean(axis=1)return Mean_result

Mean_pre = Mean_method(test_pre1,test_pre2,test_pre3)
print('Mean_pre MAE:',metrics.mean_absolute_error(y_test_true, Mean_pre))

Mean_pre MAE: 0.0666666666667

## 定义结果的加权平均函数
def Median_method(test_pre1,test_pre2,test_pre3):Median_result = pd.concat([pd.Series(test_pre1),pd.Series(test_pre2),pd.Series(test_pre3)],axis=1).median(axis=1)return Median_result

Median_pre = Median_method(test_pre1,test_pre2,test_pre3)
print('Median_pre MAE:',metrics.mean_absolute_error(y_test_true, Median_pre))

Median_pre MAE: 0.075

2） Stacking融合(回归)：

from sklearn import linear_modeldef Stacking_method(train_reg1,train_reg2,train_reg3,y_train_true,test_pre1,test_pre2,test_pre3,model_L2= linear_model.LinearRegression()):model_L2.fit(pd.concat([pd.Series(train_reg1),pd.Series(train_reg2),pd.Series(train_reg3)],axis=1).values,y_train_true)Stacking_result = model_L2.predict(pd.concat([pd.Series(test_pre1),pd.Series(test_pre2),pd.Series(test_pre3)],axis=1).values)return Stacking_result

## 生成一些简单的样本数据，test_prei 代表第i个模型的预测值
train_reg1 = [3.2, 8.2, 9.1, 5.2]
train_reg2 = [2.9, 8.1, 9.0, 4.9]
train_reg3 = [3.1, 7.9, 9.2, 5.0]
# y_test_true 代表第模型的真实值
y_train_true = [3, 8, 9, 5] test_pre1 = [1.2, 3.2, 2.1, 6.2]
test_pre2 = [0.9, 3.1, 2.0, 5.9]
test_pre3 = [1.1, 2.9, 2.2, 6.0]# y_test_true 代表第模型的真实值
y_test_true = [1, 3, 2, 6] 

model_L2= linear_model.LinearRegression()
Stacking_pre = Stacking_method(train_reg1,train_reg2,train_reg3,y_train_true,test_pre1,test_pre2,test_pre3,model_L2)
print('Stacking_pre MAE:',metrics.mean_absolute_error(y_test_true, Stacking_pre))

Stacking_pre MAE: 0.0421348314607

可以发现模型结果相对于之前有进一步的提升，这是我们需要注意的一点是，对于第二层Stacking的模型不宜选取的过于复杂，这样会导致模型在训练集上过拟合，从而使得在测试集上并不能达到很好的效果。

5.4.2 分类模型融合：

对于分类，同样的可以使用融合方法，比如简单投票，Stacking…

from sklearn.datasets import make_blobs
from sklearn import datasets
from sklearn.tree import DecisionTreeClassifier
import numpy as np
from sklearn.ensemble import RandomForestClassifier
from sklearn.ensemble import VotingClassifier
from xgboost import XGBClassifier
from sklearn.linear_model import LogisticRegression
from sklearn.svm import SVC
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
from sklearn.datasets import make_moons
from sklearn.metrics import accuracy_score,roc_auc_score
from sklearn.model_selection import cross_val_score
from sklearn.model_selection import StratifiedKFold

1）Voting投票机制：

Voting即投票机制，分为软投票和硬投票两种，其原理采用少数服从多数的思想。

'''
硬投票：对多个模型直接进行投票，不区分模型结果的相对重要度，最终投票数最多的类为最终被预测的类。
'''
iris = datasets.load_iris()x=iris.data
y=iris.target
x_train,x_test,y_train,y_test=train_test_split(x,y,test_size=0.3)clf1 = XGBClassifier(learning_rate=0.1, n_estimators=150, max_depth=3, min_child_weight=2, subsample=0.7,colsample_bytree=0.6, objective='binary:logistic')
clf2 = RandomForestClassifier(n_estimators=50, max_depth=1, min_samples_split=4,min_samples_leaf=63,oob_score=True)
clf3 = SVC(C=0.1)# 硬投票
eclf = VotingClassifier(estimators=[('xgb', clf1), ('rf', clf2), ('svc', clf3)], voting='hard')
for clf, label in zip([clf1, clf2, clf3, eclf], ['XGBBoosting', 'Random Forest', 'SVM', 'Ensemble']):scores = cross_val_score(clf, x, y, cv=5, scoring='accuracy')print("Accuracy: %0.2f (+/- %0.2f) [%s]" % (scores.mean(), scores.std(), label))

Accuracy: 0.97 (+/- 0.02) [XGBBoosting]
Accuracy: 0.33 (+/- 0.00) [Random Forest]
Accuracy: 0.95 (+/- 0.03) [SVM]
Accuracy: 0.94 (+/- 0.04) [Ensemble]

'''
软投票：和硬投票原理相同，增加了设置权重的功能，可以为不同模型设置不同权重，进而区别模型不同的重要度。
'''
x=iris.data
y=iris.target
x_train,x_test,y_train,y_test=train_test_split(x,y,test_size=0.3)clf1 = XGBClassifier(learning_rate=0.1, n_estimators=150, max_depth=3, min_child_weight=2, subsample=0.8,colsample_bytree=0.8, objective='binary:logistic')
clf2 = RandomForestClassifier(n_estimators=50, max_depth=1, min_samples_split=4,min_samples_leaf=63,oob_score=True)
clf3 = SVC(C=0.1, probability=True)# 软投票
eclf = VotingClassifier(estimators=[('xgb', clf1), ('rf', clf2), ('svc', clf3)], voting='soft', weights=[2, 1, 1])
clf1.fit(x_train, y_train)for clf, label in zip([clf1, clf2, clf3, eclf], ['XGBBoosting', 'Random Forest', 'SVM', 'Ensemble']):scores = cross_val_score(clf, x, y, cv=5, scoring='accuracy')print("Accuracy: %0.2f (+/- %0.2f) [%s]" % (scores.mean(), scores.std(), label))

Accuracy: 0.96 (+/- 0.02) [XGBBoosting]
Accuracy: 0.33 (+/- 0.00) [Random Forest]
Accuracy: 0.95 (+/- 0.03) [SVM]
Accuracy: 0.96 (+/- 0.02) [Ensemble]

2）分类的Stacking\Blending融合：

stacking是一种分层模型集成框架。

以两层为例，第一层由多个基学习器组成，其输入为原始训练集，第二层的模型则是以第一层基学习器的输出作为训练集进行再训练，从而得到完整的stacking模型, stacking两层模型都使用了全部的训练数据。

'''
5-Fold Stacking
'''
from sklearn.ensemble import RandomForestClassifier
from sklearn.ensemble import ExtraTreesClassifier,GradientBoostingClassifier
import pandas as pd
#创建训练的数据集
data_0 = iris.data
data = data_0[:100,:]target_0 = iris.target
target = target_0[:100]#模型融合中使用到的各个单模型
clfs = [LogisticRegression(solver='lbfgs'),RandomForestClassifier(n_estimators=5, n_jobs=-1, criterion='gini'),ExtraTreesClassifier(n_estimators=5, n_jobs=-1, criterion='gini'),ExtraTreesClassifier(n_estimators=5, n_jobs=-1, criterion='entropy'),GradientBoostingClassifier(learning_rate=0.05, subsample=0.5, max_depth=6, n_estimators=5)]#切分一部分数据作为测试集
X, X_predict, y, y_predict = train_test_split(data, target, test_size=0.3, random_state=2020)dataset_blend_train = np.zeros((X.shape[0], len(clfs)))
dataset_blend_test = np.zeros((X_predict.shape[0], len(clfs)))#5折stacking
n_splits = 5
skf = StratifiedKFold(n_splits)
skf = skf.split(X, y)for j, clf in enumerate(clfs):#依次训练各个单模型dataset_blend_test_j = np.zeros((X_predict.shape[0], 5))for i, (train, test) in enumerate(skf):#5-Fold交叉训练，使用第i个部分作为预测，剩余的部分来训练模型，获得其预测的输出作为第i部分的新特征。X_train, y_train, X_test, y_test = X[train], y[train], X[test], y[test]clf.fit(X_train, y_train)y_submission = clf.predict_proba(X_test)[:, 1]dataset_blend_train[test, j] = y_submissiondataset_blend_test_j[:, i] = clf.predict_proba(X_predict)[:, 1]#对于测试集，直接用这k个模型的预测值均值作为新的特征。dataset_blend_test[:, j] = dataset_blend_test_j.mean(1)print("val auc Score: %f" % roc_auc_score(y_predict, dataset_blend_test[:, j]))clf = LogisticRegression(solver='lbfgs')
clf.fit(dataset_blend_train, y)
y_submission = clf.predict_proba(dataset_blend_test)[:, 1]print("Val auc Score of Stacking: %f" % (roc_auc_score(y_predict, y_submission)))

val auc Score: 1.000000
val auc Score: 0.500000
val auc Score: 0.500000
val auc Score: 0.500000
val auc Score: 0.500000
Val auc Score of Stacking: 1.000000

Blending，其实和Stacking是一种类似的多层模型融合的形式

其主要思路是把原始的训练集先分成两部分，比如70%的数据作为新的训练集，剩下30%的数据作为测试集。

在第一层，我们在这70%的数据上训练多个模型，然后去预测那30%数据的label，同时也预测test集的label。

在第二层，我们就直接用这30%数据在第一层预测的结果做为新特征继续训练，然后用test集第一层预测的label做特征，用第二层训练的模型做进一步预测

其优点在于：

• 1.比stacking简单（因为不用进行k次的交叉验证来获得stacker feature）
• 2.避开了一个信息泄露问题：generlizers和stacker使用了不一样的数据集

缺点在于：

• 1.使用了很少的数据（第二阶段的blender只使用training set10%的量）
• 2.blender可能会过拟合
• 3.stacking使用多次的交叉验证会比较稳健
  ‘’’

'''
Blending
'''#创建训练的数据集
#创建训练的数据集
data_0 = iris.data
data = data_0[:100,:]target_0 = iris.target
target = target_0[:100]#模型融合中使用到的各个单模型
clfs = [LogisticRegression(solver='lbfgs'),RandomForestClassifier(n_estimators=5, n_jobs=-1, criterion='gini'),RandomForestClassifier(n_estimators=5, n_jobs=-1, criterion='entropy'),ExtraTreesClassifier(n_estimators=5, n_jobs=-1, criterion='gini'),#ExtraTreesClassifier(n_estimators=5, n_jobs=-1, criterion='entropy'),GradientBoostingClassifier(learning_rate=0.05, subsample=0.5, max_depth=6, n_estimators=5)]#切分一部分数据作为测试集
X, X_predict, y, y_predict = train_test_split(data, target, test_size=0.3, random_state=2020)#切分训练数据集为d1,d2两部分
X_d1, X_d2, y_d1, y_d2 = train_test_split(X, y, test_size=0.5, random_state=2020)
dataset_d1 = np.zeros((X_d2.shape[0], len(clfs)))
dataset_d2 = np.zeros((X_predict.shape[0], len(clfs)))for j, clf in enumerate(clfs):#依次训练各个单模型clf.fit(X_d1, y_d1)y_submission = clf.predict_proba(X_d2)[:, 1]dataset_d1[:, j] = y_submission#对于测试集，直接用这k个模型的预测值作为新的特征。dataset_d2[:, j] = clf.predict_proba(X_predict)[:, 1]print("val auc Score: %f" % roc_auc_score(y_predict, dataset_d2[:, j]))#融合使用的模型
clf = GradientBoostingClassifier(learning_rate=0.02, subsample=0.5, max_depth=6, n_estimators=30)
clf.fit(dataset_d1, y_d2)
y_submission = clf.predict_proba(dataset_d2)[:, 1]
print("Val auc Score of Blending: %f" % (roc_auc_score(y_predict, y_submission)))

val auc Score: 1.000000
val auc Score: 1.000000
val auc Score: 1.000000
val auc Score: 1.000000
val auc Score: 1.000000
Val auc Score of Blending: 1.000000

参考博客：https://blog.csdn.net/Noob_daniel/article/details/76087829

3）分类的Stacking融合(利用mlxtend)：

!pip install mlxtendimport warnings
warnings.filterwarnings('ignore')
import itertools
import numpy as np
import seaborn as sns
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import matplotlib.gridspec as gridspecfrom sklearn import datasets
from sklearn.linear_model import LogisticRegression
from sklearn.neighbors import KNeighborsClassifier
from sklearn.naive_bayes import GaussianNB 
from sklearn.ensemble import RandomForestClassifier
from mlxtend.classifier import StackingClassifierfrom sklearn.model_selection import cross_val_score
from mlxtend.plotting import plot_learning_curves
from mlxtend.plotting import plot_decision_regions# 以python自带的鸢尾花数据集为例
iris = datasets.load_iris()
X, y = iris.data[:, 1:3], iris.targetclf1 = KNeighborsClassifier(n_neighbors=1)
clf2 = RandomForestClassifier(random_state=1)
clf3 = GaussianNB()
lr = LogisticRegression()
sclf = StackingClassifier(classifiers=[clf1, clf2, clf3], meta_classifier=lr)label = ['KNN', 'Random Forest', 'Naive Bayes', 'Stacking Classifier']
clf_list = [clf1, clf2, clf3, sclf]fig = plt.figure(figsize=(10,8))
gs = gridspec.GridSpec(2, 2)
grid = itertools.product([0,1],repeat=2)clf_cv_mean = []
clf_cv_std = []
for clf, label, grd in zip(clf_list, label, grid):scores = cross_val_score(clf, X, y, cv=3, scoring='accuracy')print("Accuracy: %.2f (+/- %.2f) [%s]" %(scores.mean(), scores.std(), label))clf_cv_mean.append(scores.mean())clf_cv_std.append(scores.std())clf.fit(X, y)ax = plt.subplot(gs[grd[0], grd[1]])fig = plot_decision_regions(X=X, y=y, clf=clf)plt.title(label)plt.show()

可以发现 基模型 用 ‘KNN’, ‘Random Forest’, ‘Naive Bayes’ 然后再这基础上 次级模型加一个 ‘LogisticRegression’，模型测试效果有着很好的提升。

5.4.3 一些其它方法：

将特征放进模型中预测，并将预测结果变换并作为新的特征加入原有特征中再经过模型预测结果 （Stacking变化）

（可以反复预测多次将结果加入最后的特征中）

def Ensemble_add_feature(train,test,target,clfs):# n_flods = 5# skf = list(StratifiedKFold(y, n_folds=n_flods))train_ = np.zeros((train.shape[0],len(clfs*2)))test_ = np.zeros((test.shape[0],len(clfs*2)))for j,clf in enumerate(clfs):'''依次训练各个单模型'''# print(j, clf)'''使用第1个部分作为预测，第2部分来训练模型，获得其预测的输出作为第2部分的新特征。'''# X_train, y_train, X_test, y_test = X[train], y[train], X[test], y[test]clf.fit(train,target)y_train = clf.predict(train)y_test = clf.predict(test)## 新特征生成train_[:,j*2] = y_train**2test_[:,j*2] = y_test**2train_[:, j+1] = np.exp(y_train)test_[:, j+1] = np.exp(y_test)# print("val auc Score: %f" % r2_score(y_predict, dataset_d2[:, j]))print('Method ',j)train_ = pd.DataFrame(train_)test_ = pd.DataFrame(test_)return train_,test_

from sklearn.model_selection import cross_val_score, train_test_split
from sklearn.linear_model import LogisticRegression
clf = LogisticRegression()data_0 = iris.data
data = data_0[:100,:]target_0 = iris.target
target = target_0[:100]x_train,x_test,y_train,y_test=train_test_split(data,target,test_size=0.3)
x_train = pd.DataFrame(x_train) ; x_test = pd.DataFrame(x_test)#模型融合中使用到的各个单模型
clfs = [LogisticRegression(),RandomForestClassifier(n_estimators=5, n_jobs=-1, criterion='gini'),ExtraTreesClassifier(n_estimators=5, n_jobs=-1, criterion='gini'),ExtraTreesClassifier(n_estimators=5, n_jobs=-1, criterion='entropy'),GradientBoostingClassifier(learning_rate=0.05, subsample=0.5, max_depth=6, n_estimators=5)]New_train,New_test = Ensemble_add_feature(x_train,x_test,y_train,clfs)clf = LogisticRegression()
# clf = GradientBoostingClassifier(learning_rate=0.02, subsample=0.5, max_depth=6, n_estimators=30)
clf.fit(New_train, y_train)
y_emb = clf.predict_proba(New_test)[:, 1]print("Val auc Score of stacking: %f" % (roc_auc_score(y_test, y_emb)))

Method  0
Method  1
Method  2
Method  3
Method  4
Val auc Score of stacking: 1.000000

5.4.4 本赛题示例

import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
import warnings
import matplotlib
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import seaborn as snswarnings.filterwarnings('ignore')
%matplotlib inlineimport itertools
import matplotlib.gridspec as gridspec
from sklearn import datasets
from sklearn.linear_model import LogisticRegression
from sklearn.neighbors import KNeighborsClassifier
from sklearn.naive_bayes import GaussianNB 
from sklearn.ensemble import RandomForestClassifier
# from mlxtend.classifier import StackingClassifier
from sklearn.model_selection import cross_val_score, train_test_split
# from mlxtend.plotting import plot_learning_curves
# from mlxtend.plotting import plot_decision_regionsfrom sklearn.model_selection import StratifiedKFold
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_splitfrom sklearn import linear_model
from sklearn import preprocessing
from sklearn.svm import SVR
from sklearn.decomposition import PCA,FastICA,FactorAnalysis,SparsePCAimport lightgbm as lgb
import xgboost as xgb
from sklearn.model_selection import GridSearchCV,cross_val_score
from sklearn.ensemble import RandomForestRegressor,GradientBoostingRegressorfrom sklearn.metrics import mean_squared_error, mean_absolute_error

## 数据读取
Train_data = pd.read_csv('datalab/231784/used_car_train_20200313.csv', sep=' ')
TestA_data = pd.read_csv('datalab/231784/used_car_testA_20200313.csv', sep=' ')print(Train_data.shape)
print(TestA_data.shape)

(150000, 31)
(50000, 30)

Train_data.head()

	SaleID	name	regDate	model	brand	bodyType	fuelType	gearbox	power	kilometer	...	v_5	v_6	v_7	v_8	v_9	v_10	v_11	v_12	v_13	v_14
0	0	736	20040402	30.0	6	1.0	0.0	0.0	60	12.5	...	0.235676	0.101988	0.129549	0.022816	0.097462	-2.881803	2.804097	-2.420821	0.795292	0.914762
1	1	2262	20030301	40.0	1	2.0	0.0	0.0	0	15.0	...	0.264777	0.121004	0.135731	0.026597	0.020582	-4.900482	2.096338	-1.030483	-1.722674	0.245522
2	2	14874	20040403	115.0	15	1.0	0.0	0.0	163	12.5	...	0.251410	0.114912	0.165147	0.062173	0.027075	-4.846749	1.803559	1.565330	-0.832687	-0.229963
3	3	71865	19960908	109.0	10	0.0	0.0	1.0	193	15.0	...	0.274293	0.110300	0.121964	0.033395	0.000000	-4.509599	1.285940	-0.501868	-2.438353	-0.478699
4	4	111080	20120103	110.0	5	1.0	0.0	0.0	68	5.0	...	0.228036	0.073205	0.091880	0.078819	0.121534	-1.896240	0.910783	0.931110	2.834518	1.923482

5 rows × 31 columns

numerical_cols = Train_data.select_dtypes(exclude = 'object').columns
print(numerical_cols)

Index(['SaleID', 'name', 'regDate', 'model', 'brand', 'bodyType', 'fuelType','gearbox', 'power', 'kilometer', 'regionCode', 'seller', 'offerType','creatDate', 'price', 'v_0', 'v_1', 'v_2', 'v_3', 'v_4', 'v_5', 'v_6','v_7', 'v_8', 'v_9', 'v_10', 'v_11', 'v_12', 'v_13', 'v_14'],dtype='object')

feature_cols = [col for col in numerical_cols if col not in ['SaleID','name','regDate','price']]

X_data = Train_data[feature_cols]
Y_data = Train_data['price']X_test  = TestA_data[feature_cols]print('X train shape:',X_data.shape)
print('X test shape:',X_test.shape)

X train shape: (150000, 26)
X test shape: (50000, 26)

def Sta_inf(data):print('_min',np.min(data))print('_max:',np.max(data))print('_mean',np.mean(data))print('_ptp',np.ptp(data))print('_std',np.std(data))print('_var',np.var(data))

print('Sta of label:')
Sta_inf(Y_data)

Sta of label:
_min 11
_max: 99999
_mean 5923.32733333
_ptp 99988
_std 7501.97346988
_var 56279605.9427

X_data = X_data.fillna(-1)
X_test = X_test.fillna(-1)

def build_model_lr(x_train,y_train):reg_model = linear_model.LinearRegression()reg_model.fit(x_train,y_train)return reg_modeldef build_model_ridge(x_train,y_train):reg_model = linear_model.Ridge(alpha=0.8)#alphas=range(1,100,5)reg_model.fit(x_train,y_train)return reg_modeldef build_model_lasso(x_train,y_train):reg_model = linear_model.LassoCV()reg_model.fit(x_train,y_train)return reg_modeldef build_model_gbdt(x_train,y_train):estimator =GradientBoostingRegressor(loss='ls',subsample= 0.85,max_depth= 5,n_estimators = 100)param_grid = { 'learning_rate': [0.05,0.08,0.1,0.2],}gbdt = GridSearchCV(estimator, param_grid,cv=3)gbdt.fit(x_train,y_train)print(gbdt.best_params_)# print(gbdt.best_estimator_ )return gbdtdef build_model_xgb(x_train,y_train):model = xgb.XGBRegressor(n_estimators=120, learning_rate=0.08, gamma=0, subsample=0.8,\colsample_bytree=0.9, max_depth=5) #, objective ='reg:squarederror'model.fit(x_train, y_train)return modeldef build_model_lgb(x_train,y_train):estimator = lgb.LGBMRegressor(num_leaves=63,n_estimators = 100)param_grid = {'learning_rate': [0.01, 0.05, 0.1],}gbm = GridSearchCV(estimator, param_grid)gbm.fit(x_train, y_train)return gbm

2）XGBoost的五折交叉回归验证实现

## xgb
xgr = xgb.XGBRegressor(n_estimators=120, learning_rate=0.1, subsample=0.8,\colsample_bytree=0.9, max_depth=7) # ,objective ='reg:squarederror'scores_train = []
scores = []## 5折交叉验证方式
sk=StratifiedKFold(n_splits=5,shuffle=True,random_state=0)
for train_ind,val_ind in sk.split(X_data,Y_data):train_x=X_data.iloc[train_ind].valuestrain_y=Y_data.iloc[train_ind]val_x=X_data.iloc[val_ind].valuesval_y=Y_data.iloc[val_ind]xgr.fit(train_x,train_y)pred_train_xgb=xgr.predict(train_x)pred_xgb=xgr.predict(val_x)score_train = mean_absolute_error(train_y,pred_train_xgb)scores_train.append(score_train)score = mean_absolute_error(val_y,pred_xgb)scores.append(score)print('Train mae:',np.mean(score_train))
print('Val mae',np.mean(scores))

Train mae: 558.212360169
Val mae 693.120168439

3）划分数据集，并用多种方法训练和预测

## Split data with val
x_train,x_val,y_train,y_val = train_test_split(X_data,Y_data,test_size=0.3)## Train and Predict
print('Predict LR...')
model_lr = build_model_lr(x_train,y_train)
val_lr = model_lr.predict(x_val)
subA_lr = model_lr.predict(X_test)print('Predict Ridge...')
model_ridge = build_model_ridge(x_train,y_train)
val_ridge = model_ridge.predict(x_val)
subA_ridge = model_ridge.predict(X_test)print('Predict Lasso...')
model_lasso = build_model_lasso(x_train,y_train)
val_lasso = model_lasso.predict(x_val)
subA_lasso = model_lasso.predict(X_test)print('Predict GBDT...')
model_gbdt = build_model_gbdt(x_train,y_train)
val_gbdt = model_gbdt.predict(x_val)
subA_gbdt = model_gbdt.predict(X_test)

Predict LR...
Predict Ridge...
Predict Lasso...
Predict GBDT...
{'learning_rate': 0.1, 'n_estimators': 80}

一般比赛中效果最为显著的两种方法

print('predict XGB...')
model_xgb = build_model_xgb(x_train,y_train)
val_xgb = model_xgb.predict(x_val)
subA_xgb = model_xgb.predict(X_test)print('predict lgb...')
model_lgb = build_model_lgb(x_train,y_train)
val_lgb = model_lgb.predict(x_val)
subA_lgb = model_lgb.predict(X_test)

predict XGB...
predict lgb...

print('Sta inf of lgb:')
Sta_inf(subA_lgb)

Sta inf of lgb:
_min -126.864734992
_max: 90152.4775557
_mean 5917.96632163
_ptp 90279.3422907
_std 7358.88582391
_var 54153200.5693

1）加权融合

def Weighted_method(test_pre1,test_pre2,test_pre3,w=[1/3,1/3,1/3]):Weighted_result = w[0]*pd.Series(test_pre1)+w[1]*pd.Series(test_pre2)+w[2]*pd.Series(test_pre3)return Weighted_result## Init the Weight
w = [0.3,0.4,0.3]## 测试验证集准确度
val_pre = Weighted_method(val_lgb,val_xgb,val_gbdt,w)
MAE_Weighted = mean_absolute_error(y_val,val_pre)
print('MAE of Weighted of val:',MAE_Weighted)## 预测数据部分
subA = Weighted_method(subA_lgb,subA_xgb,subA_gbdt,w)
print('Sta inf:')
Sta_inf(subA)
## 生成提交文件
sub = pd.DataFrame()
sub['SaleID'] = X_test.index
sub['price'] = subA
sub.to_csv('./sub_Weighted.csv',index=False)

MAE of Weighted of val: 730.877443666
Sta inf:
_min -2816.93914153
_max: 88576.7842223
_mean 5920.38233546
_ptp 91393.7233639
_std 7325.20946801
_var 53658693.7502

## 与简单的LR（线性回归）进行对比
val_lr_pred = model_lr.predict(x_val)
MAE_lr = mean_absolute_error(y_val,val_lr_pred)
print('MAE of lr:',MAE_lr)

MAE of lr: 2597.45638384

2）Starking融合

## Starking## 第一层
train_lgb_pred = model_lgb.predict(x_train)
train_xgb_pred = model_xgb.predict(x_train)
train_gbdt_pred = model_gbdt.predict(x_train)Strak_X_train = pd.DataFrame()
Strak_X_train['Method_1'] = train_lgb_pred
Strak_X_train['Method_2'] = train_xgb_pred
Strak_X_train['Method_3'] = train_gbdt_predStrak_X_val = pd.DataFrame()
Strak_X_val['Method_1'] = val_lgb
Strak_X_val['Method_2'] = val_xgb
Strak_X_val['Method_3'] = val_gbdtStrak_X_test = pd.DataFrame()
Strak_X_test['Method_1'] = subA_lgb
Strak_X_test['Method_2'] = subA_xgb
Strak_X_test['Method_3'] = subA_gbdt

Strak_X_test.head()

	Method_1	Method_2	Method_3
0	39682.037093	41029.078125	40552.596813
1	239.498371	266.032654	393.909761
2	6915.162439	7345.680664	7623.552178
3	11861.783785	11721.493164	11463.293245
4	583.773267	513.307983	520.665295

## level2-method 
model_lr_Stacking = build_model_lr(Strak_X_train,y_train)
## 训练集
train_pre_Stacking = model_lr_Stacking.predict(Strak_X_train)
print('MAE of Stacking-LR:',mean_absolute_error(y_train,train_pre_Stacking))## 验证集
val_pre_Stacking = model_lr_Stacking.predict(Strak_X_val)
print('MAE of Stacking-LR:',mean_absolute_error(y_val,val_pre_Stacking))## 预测集
print('Predict Stacking-LR...')
subA_Stacking = model_lr_Stacking.predict(Strak_X_test)

MAE of Stacking-LR: 628.399441036
MAE of Stacking-LR: 707.673951794
Predict Stacking-LR...

subA_Stacking[subA_Stacking<10]=10  ## 去除过小的预测值sub = pd.DataFrame()
sub['SaleID'] = TestA_data.SaleID
sub['price'] = subA_Stacking
sub.to_csv('./sub_Stacking.csv',index=False)

print('Sta inf:')
Sta_inf(subA_Stacking)

Sta inf:
_min 10.0
_max: 90849.3729816
_mean 5917.39429976
_ptp 90839.3729816
_std 7396.09766172
_var 54702260.6217

3.4 经验总结

比赛的融合这个问题，个人的看法来说其实涉及多个层面，也是提分和提升模型鲁棒性的一种重要方法：

• 1）结果层面的融合，这种是最常见的融合方法，其可行的融合方法也有很多，比如根据结果的得分进行加权融合，还可以做Log，exp处理等。在做结果融合的时候，有一个很重要的条件是模型结果的得分要比较近似，然后结果的差异要比较大，这样的结果融合往往有比较好的效果提升。

• 2）特征层面的融合，这个层面其实感觉不叫融合，准确说可以叫分割，很多时候如果我们用同种模型训练，可以把特征进行切分给不同的模型，然后在后面进行模型或者结果融合有时也能产生比较好的效果。

• 3）模型层面的融合，模型层面的融合可能就涉及模型的堆叠和设计，比如加Staking层，部分模型的结果作为特征输入等，这些就需要多实验和思考了，基于模型层面的融合最好不同模型类型要有一定的差异，用同种模型不同的参数的收益一般是比较小的。