DAY40--learning English

crust/krʌst/

1. [CU]- the hard outer surface of bread.
   • Example: sandwiches with the crusts cut off (切掉面包皮的三明治).
2. [C usually sing.]- a layer of pastry, especially on top of a pie.
   • Example: Bake until the crust is golden (把糕饼烤至外皮呈金黄色).
3. [CU]- a hard layer or surface, especially above or around something soft or liquid.
   • Examples:
     • a thin crust of ice (一层薄冰).
     • the earth's crust (地壳).

See also:the upper crust.

Idioms:see "earn."

Dent/dent/

[VN]

1. To make a hollow place in a hard surface, usually by hitting it.
   • Example: The back of the car was badly dented in the collision (汽车尾部被撞后严重凹陷).
2. To damage someone's confidence, reputation, etc.
   • Example: It seemed that nothing could dent his confidence (似乎任何事情都不会使他的信心受挫)

**Dent** */dent/*

- **Definition**: A hollow place in a hard surface, usually caused by something hitting it.

   - Example: a large dent in the car door (车门上一大块凹陷).

**Idioms (习语)**

1. **Make, etc. a dent in something**

   - **Meaning**: To reduce the amount of something, especially money.

   - Example: The lawyer's fees will make a dent in our finances (律师费将耗去我们一部分资金).

Predicament/prɪˈdɪkəmənt/

1. Definition: A difficult or unpleasant situation, especially one where it is difficult to know what to do.
   • Synonym: Quandary
   • Examples:
     • The club's financial predicament (俱乐部的财政困境).
     • I'm in a terrible predicament (我的处境十分尴尬).

Frost/frɒst/

1. [UC]A weather condition in which the temperature drops below 0°C (= freezing point) so that a thin white layer of ice forms on the ground and other surfaces, especially at night.
   • Example: It will be a clear night with some ground frost (今夜晴，部分地面有霜冻).
   • Types of frost: a sharp/hard/severe frost (酷寒).
   • Temperature example: There were ten degrees of frost (= the temperature dropped to -10°C) last night (昨夜零下10摄氏度).
   • Related term: frost damage (霜冻害).
2. [U]The thin white layer of ice that forms when the temperature drops below 0°C.
   • Example: The car windows were covered with frost (车窗玻璃结了霜).

See also: hoar frost

Frosting methods:

• ~ (sth) (over/up)To cover something or to become covered with a thin white layer of ice.
  • [VN]Example: The mirror was frosted up (镜子蒙了一层霜).
  • [V]Example: The windows had frosted over (窗子结满了霜).
• [VN] (especially NAmE)To cover a cake with icing/frosting.
  • Application: Giving a cake a sugar frosting.

Trashy/ˈtræʃi/

1. Definition(informal): Of poor quality; with no value.
   • Synonym: Rubbishy
   • Example: Trashy TV shows (无聊的电视节目).

Slumber/ˈslʌmbə(r)/

1. [U][C usually pl.](Literary) Sleep; a time when someone is asleep.
   • Example: She fell into a deep and peaceful slumber (她睡着了，睡得又沉又香).

Note: See also "sleep" [V] (Literary) to sleep (睡；睡眠).

Elbow/ˈelbəʊ/

1. The joint between the upper and lower parts of the arm where it bends in the middle.
   • Example: She jabbed him with her elbow (她用胳膊肘捅他).
   • He's fractured his elbow (他肘部骨折).
2. The part of a piece of clothing that covers the elbow.
   • Example: The jacket was worn at the elbows (这件夹克衫的肘部磨破了).
3. A part of a pipe, chimney, etc., where it bends at a sharp angle.

Idioms (习语)

• Get the elbow(BrE informal): To be told by someone that they no longer want to have a relationship with you; to be told to go away.
  • Being rejected or dismissed.
• Give someone the elbow(BrE informal): To tell someone that you no longer want to have a relationship with them; to tell someone to go away.
  • Rejecting or dismissing someone.

More usage:

• Elbow [VN usually + adv./prep.]: To push someone with your elbow, usually in order to get past them.
  • Example: She elbowed me out of the way to get to the front of the line (她用肘部把我推开朝队伍前面挤).
  • He elbowed his way through the crowd (他用手肘从人群中挤了过去).

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Duplex/ˈdjuːpleks/

(Especially NAmE)

1. A building divided into two separate homes.
   • This refers to a structure that is designed as two separate housing units within one building, often sharing a common wall.
2. A flat/apartment with rooms on two floors.
   • Also known as a duplex apartment, this type of living space spans two levels connected by an internal staircase, offering the feel of a house within an apartment setting.

Foam/fəʊm/

1. (Also foam rubber) [U]A soft light rubber material, full of small holes, that is used for seats, mattresses, etc.
   • Example: a foam mattress (泡沫橡胶床垫)
   • foam packaging (泡沫橡胶包装材料)
2. [U]A mass of very small air bubbles on the surface of a liquid.
   • Synonym: Froth
   • Example: a glass of beer with a good head of foam (上面有厚厚一层泡沫的一杯啤酒)
   • The breaking waves left the beach covered with foam (浪花四溅，海滩上满是泡沫).
3. [UC]A chemical substance that forms or produces a soft mass of very small bubbles, used for washing, shaving, or putting out fires, for example.
   • Example: shaving foam (剃须泡沫膏)

Consummate/kənˈsʌmət/ /ˈkɒnsəmət/

1. Adjective [usually before noun](Formal) Extremely skilled; perfect.
   • Example: She was a consummate performer (她是个技艺非凡的表演者).
   • He played the shot with consummate skill (他以高超的技巧击球).
2. (Disapproving)
   • Example: A consummate liar (撒谎高手).

Derivatives (派生词)

1. Consummatelyadv

Omnipotent/ɒmˈnɪpətənt/

1. (Formal)Having total power; able to do anything.
   • Example: an omnipotent God (全能的上帝)

Derivatives (派生词)

1. Omnipotence[U]/ˈɒmnɪpətəns/
   • Example: the omnipotence of God (上帝的全能)

Nicotine/ˈnɪkətiːn/

1. [U]A poisonous substance in tobacco that people become addicted to, making it difficult to stop smoking.
   • Example: 尼古丁；烟碱

Snort/snɔːt/

1. Verb
   • To make a loud sound by breathing air out noisily through your nose, especially to show that you are angry or amused (表示气愤或被逗乐).
     • Example: to snort with laughter (扑哧一声笑了)
     • She snorted in disgust (她厌恶地哼了一声).
     • The horse snorted and tossed its head (马打了个响鼻儿，晃晃脑袋).
   • [V speech]'You!' he snorted contemptuously ( “你！”他轻蔑地哼了一声).
2. Verb
   • To take drugs by breathing them in through the nose (用鼻子吸（毒品)).
     • Example: to snort cocaine (吸可卡因).
3. Noun
   • A loud sound that you make by breathing air out noisily through your nose, especially to show that you are angry or amused (尤指表示气愤或被逗乐的).
     • Example: to give a snort (哼了一声)
     • A snort of disgust (厌恶的哼声)
     • I could hear the snort and stamp of a horse (我能听见马打响鼻儿、跺蹄子的声音).
4. Noun
   • A small amount of a drug that is breathed in through the nose; an act of taking a drug in this way (用鼻子吸入的毒品；用鼻子吸毒).
     • Example: to take a snort of cocaine (吸一下可卡因).

Contest/ˈkɒntest/

1. Noun
   • A competition in which people try to win something (比赛；竞赛).
     • Example: a singing contest (歌咏比赛)
     • A talent contest (新秀大奖赛)
     • To enter/win/lose a contest (参加╱赢得竞赛；竞赛失败)
     • See also:beauty contest
2. Noun
   • A struggle to gain control or power (控制权或权力的争夺，竞争).
     • Example: a contest for the leadership of the party (争夺政党的领导权)

Idioms

• be no contest
  • Used to say that one side in a competition is so much stronger or better than the other that it is sure to win easily (表示竞争中的一方过于强大或出色，完全不是对手，毫无竞争可言).

Verb

1. To take part in a competition, election, etc. and try to win it (争取赢得（比赛、选举等）).
   • Three candidates contested the leadership (有三位候选人角逐领导权).
   • A hotly/fiercely/keenly contested game (= one in which the players try very hard to win and the scores are close) (竞争十分激烈的比赛)
2. To formally oppose a decision or statement because you think it is wrong (争辩；就…提出异议).
   • To contest a will (= try to show that it was not correctly made in law) (对遗嘱提出质疑)
   • The divorce was not contested (这桩离婚案没有人提出异议).

Hitch/hɪtʃ/

1. Verb
   • To get a free ride in a person's car; to travel around in this way, by standing at the side of the road and trying to get passing cars to stop (免费搭车；搭便车).
     • Example: They hitched a ride in a truck (他们搭乘了一辆路过的货车).
     • (British English also)They hitched a lift (他们搭了便车).
     • Example: We spent the summer hitching around Europe (我们借搭便车在欧洲各地旅行了一个夏天).
     • See also:hitchhike
2. Verb
   • To pull up a piece of your clothing (提起，拉起衣服).
     • Synonym: hike up
     • Example: She hitched up her skirt and waded into the river (她提起裙子，蹚进河里).
3. Verb
   • To lift yourself into a higher position, or the position mentioned (攀上；跃上).
     • Example: She hitched herself up (她爬了上去).
     • Example: He hitched himself onto the bar stool (他一跃坐到了酒吧间的高凳上).
4. Verb
   • To fix something to something else with a rope, a hook, etc. (拴住；套住；钩住).
     • Example: She hitched the pony to the gate (她把小马拴在大门上).

Idioms

• Get hitched
  • (informal)To get married (结婚)

Noun

1. A problem or difficulty that causes a short delay (暂时的困难；故障；障碍).
   • Example: The ceremony went off without a hitch(仪式进行得很顺利).
   • Example: a technical hitch (技术故障)
2. A type of knot (某种结)
   • Example: a clove hitch (卷结)

Innate  /ɪˈneɪt/

1. (of a quality, feeling, etc.)that you have when you are born (天生的；先天的；与生俱来的)
   • Synonym: inborn
   • Example: the innate ability to learn (天生的学习能力)

Derivatives
Adverb
innately

1. Example: He believes that humans are innately violent (他相信人性本恶)

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Bash /bæʃ/

1. (transitive)to hit somebody/something very hard (猛击；猛撞)
   • Example: He bashed her over the head with a hammer (他用锤子猛击她的头部).
   • Example: I braked too late and bashed into the car in front (我刹车太晚，撞上了前面的车).
2. (transitive)to criticize somebody/something strongly (严厉批评)
   • Example: Bashing politicians is normal practice in the press (严厉批判政治人物乃是新闻界常事).
   • Example: a liberal-bashing administration (打击自由主义的一届政府)

Phrasal Verbs

• bash away (on/at sth) / bash on (with sth)
  • (British English)to continue working hard at something (持续努力；持之以恒)
  • Example: He sat bashing away at his essay all day (他一整天都坐着不停地写文章).
  • Example: We'll never get finished at this rate. We'd better bash on (以这种速度我们永远也完成不了。我们最好加把劲).
• bash sth down / bash sth in
  • to destroy something by hitting it very hard and often (不断猛击使之毁坏)
  • Example: The police bashed the door down (警察用强力把门撞倒了).
  • Example: I'll bash your head in if you do that again (如果你再那么做，我就砸扁你的脑袋).
• bash sth out
  • to produce something quickly and in large quantities, but not of very good quality (大量粗制滥造)
  • Synonym: knock out
  • Example: She bashed out about four books a year (她一年大概炮制出四本书).
• bash sb up
  (British English)to attack somebody violently (猛击某人)

Idioms

• have a bash (at sth)
  (British English informal)to try to do something, especially when you are not sure if you will succeed (尝试做（没有把握的事))
  • Example: I'm not sure I'll be any good but I'll have a bash (我不敢保证我能有什么用，但我会试试).

Slimmer/ˈslɪmə(r)/

(British English)

1. a person who is trying to lose weight (减肥者；减轻体重者)
   • Example: a calorie-controlled diet for slimmers (控制热量的减肥食谱)

See also: slim (adjective)