本文主要是介绍Python爬虫利器一之Requests库的用法,希望对大家解决编程问题提供一定的参考价值,需要的开发者们随着小编来一起学习吧!
前言
之前我们用了 urllib 库,这个作为入门的工具还是不错的,对了解一些爬虫的基本理念,掌握爬虫爬取的流程有所帮助。入门之后,我们就需要学习一些更加高级的内容和工具来方便我们的爬取。那么这一节来简单介绍一下 requests 库的基本用法
安装
利用 pip 安装
pip3 install requests
或者利用 easy_install
easy_install requests
通过以上两种方法均可以完成安装。
引入
首先我们引入一个小例子来感受一下
#!/usr/bin/env python3
#coding:utf-8import requestsrequest = requests.get('http://www.baidu.com')
print('type(request)', type(request))
print('request.status_code', request.status_code)
print('request.encoding', request.encoding)
print('request.cookies', request.cookies)
print('request.text', request.text)
以上代码我们请求了本站点的网址,然后打印出了返回结果的类型,状态码,编码方式,Cookies等内容。
运行结果如下
type(request) <class 'requests.models.Response'>
request.status_code 200
request.encoding ISO-8859-1
request.cookies <RequestsCookieJar[<Cookie BDORZ=27315 for .baidu.com/>]>
request.text <!DOCTYPE html>
<!--STATUS OK--><html> <head><meta http-equiv=content-type content=text/html;charset=utf-8><meta http-equiv=X-UA-Compatible content=IE=Edge><meta content=always name=referrer><link rel=stylesheet type=text/css href=http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/bdorz/baidu.min.css><title>ç™¾åº¦ä¸€ä¸‹ï¼Œä½ å°±çŸ¥é“</title></head> <body link=#0000cc> <div id=wrapper> <div id=head> <div class=head_wrapper> <div class=s_form> <div class=s_form_wrapper> <div id=lg> <img hidefocus=true src=//www.baidu.com/img/bd_logo1.png width=270 height=129> </div> <form id=form name=f action=//www.baidu.com/s class=fm> <input type=hidden name=bdorz_come value=1> <input type=hidden name=ie value=utf-8> <input type=hidden name=f value=8> <input type=hidden name=rsv_bp value=1> <input type=hidden name=rsv_idx value=1> <input type=hidden name=tn value=baidu><span class="bg s_ipt_wr"><input id=kw name=wd class=s_ipt value maxlength=255 autocomplete=off autofocus></span><span class="bg s_btn_wr"><input type=submit id=su value=百度一下 class="bg s_btn"></span> </form> </div> </div> <div id=u1> <a href=http://news.baidu.com name=tj_trnews class=mnav>æ–°é—»</a> <a href=http://www.hao123.com name=tj_trhao123 class=mnav>hao123</a> <a href=http://map.baidu.com name=tj_trmap class=mnav>地图</a> <a href=http://v.baidu.com name=tj_trvideo class=mnav>视频</a> <a href=http://tieba.baidu.com name=tj_trtieba class=mnav>è´´å§</a> <noscript> <a href=http://www.baidu.com/bdorz/login.gif?login&tpl=mn&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.baidu.com%2f%3fbdorz_come%3d1 name=tj_login class=lb>登录</a> </noscript> <script>document.write('<a href="http://www.baidu.com/bdorz/login.gif?login&tpl=mn&u='+ encodeURIComponent(window.location.href+ (window.location.search === "" ? "?" : "&")+ "bdorz_come=1")+ '" name="tj_login" class="lb">登录</a>');</script> <a href=//www.baidu.com/more/ name=tj_briicon class=bri style="display: block;">更多产å“</a> </div> </div> </div> <div id=ftCon> <div id=ftConw> <p id=lh> <a href=http://home.baidu.com>关于百度</a> <a href=http://ir.baidu.com>About Baidu</a> </p> <p id=cp>©2017 Baidu <a href=http://www.baidu.com/duty/>使用百度å‰å¿…读</a> <a href=http://jianyi.baidu.com/ class=cp-feedback>æ„è§å馈</a> 京ICPè¯030173å· <img src=//www.baidu.com/img/gs.gif> </p> </div> </div> </div> </body> </html>
基本请求
requests库提供了http所有的基本请求方式。例如
request = requests.get(url)
request = requests.post(url)
request = requests.put(url)
request = requests.delete(url)
request = requests.head(url)
request = requests.opinions(url)
GET请求
基本GET请求
最基本的GET
请求可以直接用get
方法
#!/usr/bin/env python3
#coding:utf-8import requestsparams = {'key1': 'value1','key2': 'value2'
}
request = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get', params=params)
print(request.url)
运行结果
http://httpbin.org/get?key1=value1&key2=value2
GET JSON
我们能读取服务器响应的内容。以 GitHub 时间线为例:
#!/usr/bin/env python3
#coding:utf-8import requestsrequest = requests.get('https://api.github.com/events')
print('request.text', request.text)
print('request.json()', request.json)
输出
request.text [{"id":"5435287313","type":"PushEvent","actor":=...}]
request.json() <bound method Response.json of <Response [200]>>
GET原始套接字内容
如果想获取来自服务器的原始套接字响应,可以取得 r.raw 。 不过需要在初始请求中设置 stream=True
#!/usr/bin/env python3
#coding:utf-8import requestsrequest = requests.get('https://api.github.com/events', stream=True)
print('request.raw', request.raw)
print('request.raw.read(10)', request.raw.read(10))
这样就获取了网页原始套接字内容
request.raw <requests.packages.urllib3.response.HTTPResponse object at 0x106b5f9b0>
request.raw.read(10) b'\x1f\x8b\x08\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x03'
添加headers
通过传递headers
参数来添加headers
#!/usr/bin/env python3
#coding:utf-8import requestsparams = {'key1': 'value1','key2': 'value2'
}
headers= {'content-type': 'application/json'
}
request = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get', params=params, headers=headers)
print(request.url)
输出
http://httpbin.org/get?key1=value1&key2=value2
POST请求
基本POST请求
对于 POST 请求来说,我们一般需要为它增加一些参数。那么最基本的传参方法可以利用data
这个参数
#!/usr/bin/env python3
#coding:utf-8import requestsdata = {'key1': 'value1','key2': 'value2'
}
request = requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post', data=data)
print('request.text', request.text)
输出结果
request.text {"args": {},"data": "","files": {},"form": {"key1": "value1","key2": "value2"},"headers": {"Accept": "*/*","Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate","Content-Length": "23","Content-Type": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded","Host": "httpbin.org","User-Agent": "python-requests/2.13.0"},"json": null,"origin": "120.236.174.172","url": "http://httpbin.org/post"
}
POST JSON
有时候我们需要传送的信息不是表单形式的,需要我们传JSON格式的数据过去,所以我们可以用json.dumps()
方法把表单数据序列化
#!/usr/bin/env python3
#coding:utf-8import json
import requestsdata = {'some': 'data'
}
request = requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post', data=json.dumps(data))
print('request.text', request.text)
输出
request.text {"args": {},"data": "{\"some\": \"data\"}","files": {},"form": {},"headers": {"Accept": "*/*","Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate","Content-Length": "16","Host": "httpbin.org","User-Agent": "python-requests/2.13.0"},"json": {"some": "data"},"origin": "120.236.174.172","url": "http://httpbin.org/post"
}
在2.4.2版本后,直接使用json
参数就可以进行编码
#!/usr/bin/env python3
#coding:utf-8import json
import requestsdata = {'some': 'data'
}
# request = requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post', data=json.dumps(data))
request = requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post', json=data)
print('request.text', request.text)
上传文件
如果想要上传文件,那么直接用files
参数即可
#!/usr/bin/env python3
#coding:utf-8import requestsfiles = {'file': open('test.txt', 'rb')
}
request = requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post', files=files)
print('request.text', request.text)
输出
request.text {"args": {},"data": "","files": {"file": "hello word!\n"},"form": {},"headers": {"Accept": "*/*","Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate","Content-Length": "156","Content-Type": "multipart/form-data; boundary=e76e934f387f4013a0cb03f0cc7f636d","Host": "httpbin.org","User-Agent": "python-requests/2.13.0"},"json": null,"origin": "120.236.174.172","url": "http://httpbin.org/post"
}
上传流
requests 是支持流式上传的,这允许你发送大的数据流或文件而无需先把它们读入内存。要使用流式上传,仅需为你的请求体提供一个类文件对象即可
#!/usr/bin/env python3
#coding:utf-8import requestswith open('test.txt', 'rb') as f:request = requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post', data=f)
print('request.text', request.text)
输出结果和直接用文件上传一样
Cookies
如果一个响应中包含了cookie,那么我们可以利用 cookies 变量来拿到
也可以利用cookies
参数来向服务器发送cookies信息
#!/usr/bin/env python3
#coding:utf-8import requestsrequest = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies')
print('request.cookies', requests.cookies)
print('request.text', request.text)
cookies = {'cookies_are': 'working'
}
request = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies', cookies=cookies)
print('request.cookies', requests.cookies)
print('request.text', request.text)
输出
request.cookies <module 'requests.cookies' from '/usr/local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/requests/cookies.py'>
request.text {"cookies": {}
}request.cookies <module 'requests.cookies' from '/usr/local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/requests/cookies.py'>
request.text {"cookies": {"cookies_are": "working"}
}
超时配置
可以利用 timeout 变量来配置最大请求时间
#!/usr/bin/env python3
#coding:utf-8import requestsrequest = requests.get('http://www.google.com.hk', timeout=0.01)
print(request.url)
如果超时,会抛出一个异常
Traceback (most recent call last):File "/usr/local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/requests/packages/urllib3/connection.py", line 141, in _new_conn(self.host, self.port), self.timeout, **extra_kw)File "/usr/local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/requests/packages/urllib3/util/connection.py", line 83, in create_connectionraise errFile "/usr/local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/requests/packages/urllib3/util/connection.py", line 73, in create_connectionsock.connect(sa)
socket.timeout: timed out
会话对象
在以上的请求中,每次请求其实都相当于发起了一个新的请求。也就是相当于我们每个请求都用了不同的浏览器单独打开的效果。也就是它并不是指的一个会话,即使请求的是同一个网址。比如
#!/usr/bin/env python3
#coding:utf-8import requestsrequests.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies/set/sessioncookie/123456789')
request = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies')
print(request.text)
输出
{"cookies": {}
}
很明显,这不在一个会话中,无法获取 cookies,那么在一些站点中,我们需要保持一个持久的会话怎么办呢?就像用一个浏览器逛淘宝一样,在不同的选项卡之间跳转,这样其实就是通过request.Session
建立了一个长久会话
解决方案如下
#!/usr/bin/env python3
#coding:utf-8import requests# 通过session建立长久会话
session = requests.Session()
session.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies/set/sessioncookie/123456789')
request = session.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies')
print(request.text)
输出
{"cookies": {"sessioncookie": "123456789"}
}
发现可以成功获取到 cookies 了,这就是建立一个会话到作用。体会一下。
那么既然会话是一个全局的变量,那么我们肯定可以用来全局的配置了。
当在会话中设置headers
,又在请求中设置headers
,两个变量都会传送过去
#!/usr/bin/env python3
#coding:utf-8import requestsheaders1 = {'test1': 'true'
}
headers2 = {'test2': 'true'
}
session = requests.Session()
session.headers.update(headers1)
request = session.get('http://httpbin.org/headers', headers=headers2)
print(request.text)
输出
{"headers": {"Accept": "*/*","Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate","Host": "httpbin.org","Test1": "true","Test2": "true","User-Agent": "python-requests/2.13.0"}
}
SSL证书验证
现在随处可见 https 开头的网站,Requests可以为HTTPS请求验证SSL证书,就像web浏览器一样。要想检查某个主机的SSL证书,你可以使用 verify
参数(默认为True)
现在 12306 证书不是无效的嘛,来测试一下
#!/usr/bin/env python3
#coding:utf-8import requestsrequest = requests.get('https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn', verify=True)
print(request.text)
输出
Traceback (most recent call last):File "/usr/local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/requests/packages/urllib3/contrib/pyopenssl.py", line 436, in wrap_socketcnx.do_handshake()File "/usr/local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/OpenSSL/SSL.py", line 1426, in do_handshakeself._raise_ssl_error(self._ssl, result)File "/usr/local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/OpenSSL/SSL.py", line 1174, in _raise_ssl_error_raise_current_error()File "/usr/local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/OpenSSL/_util.py", line 48, in exception_from_error_queueraise exception_type(errors)
OpenSSL.SSL.Error: [('SSL routines', 'ssl3_get_server_certificate', 'certificate verify failed')]
如果想跳过证书验证,只需要把verify
设置为False
来试下 github 的
#!/usr/bin/env python3
#coding:utf-8import requestsrequest = requests.get('https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn', verify=True)
print(request.text)
请求正常
代理
如果需要使用代理,你可以通过为任意请求方法提供 proxies
参数来配置单个请求
#!/usr/bin/env python3
#coding:utf-8import requestsproxies = {"https://www.google.com.hk/": "192.168.199.101"
}
request = requests.get('https://www.google.com.hk/', proxies=proxies)
print(request.text)
API
以上讲解了 requests 中最常用的参数,如果需要用到更多,请参考官方文档 API
API
结语
以上总结了一下 requests 的基本用法,如果你对爬虫有了一定的基础,那么肯定可以很快上手,在此就不多赘述了。
练习才是王道,大家尽快投注于实践中吧
转载于:静觅 » Python爬虫利器一之Requests库的用法
这篇关于Python爬虫利器一之Requests库的用法的文章就介绍到这儿,希望我们推荐的文章对编程师们有所帮助!