13.1.k8s集群的七层代理-ingress资源（进阶知识）

2024-06-22 09:20
文章标签 进阶 云原生 集群 代理 知识 k8s 资源 ingress 七层 13.1

本文主要是介绍13.1.k8s集群的七层代理-ingress资源（进阶知识），希望对大家解决编程问题提供一定的参考价值，需要的开发者们随着小编来一起学习吧！

目录

一、ingress概述

1.前言

2.问题

3.ingress资源

二、ingress-nginx是什么

三、ingress-nginx 实现原理

四、部署ingress-nginx

1.获取部署文件 ingress-nginx.yaml

2.部署ingress-nginx

3.检查部署是否成功

五、编写使用Ingress样例代码

1.Ingress资源对象yaml文件

2.修改本地hosts 配置域名

3.浏览器访问后端方法

4.常见错误

示例代码：easy-paas: EasyPass平台  目录：docs/k8s

一、ingress概述

1.前言

k8s服务对外暴露有三种方式 NodePort,LoadBalancer,Ingress

Nodeport: 服务暴露需要在集群每个节点都开放一个同样的端口，通过nodtIp:nodePort来访问，如果服务数量多了，开放的端口就难以管理
LoadBalancer: 大部分情况下只适用于支持外部负载均衡器的云提供商（AWS,阿里云,华为云等）使用。每个服务都会由云服务提供一个IP作为入口，转发相应的流量，但每个LoadBlancer Service都会产生费用，成本比较高。如果想要在内网环境中使用就需要部署网络负载均衡器，比如MetalLB等组件，它主要提供两个功能：地址分配和外部通知。

  所以这次我们主要来介绍Ingress的部署和使用，Ingress可以把进入到集群内部的请求转发到集群中的一些服务上，从而可以把服务映射到集群外部。Ingress 能把集群内Service 配置成外网能够访问的 URL，流量负载均衡，提供基于域名访问的虚拟主机等。

2.问题

        1、当一个端口需要被多个服务使用的时候，就力不从心了，假设两个业务，都想要用443端口，那么就无法使用了；

        2、集群宿主机端口占用太多

        3、如果节点/虚拟机的IP地址发生变化，需要人工进行处理；

3.ingress资源

        ingress资源，是k8s中抽象的资源，给管理员提供暴露服务的入口“自定义”的方法，换句话说就是编辑网络暴露入口的规则；

        ingress资源，根据ingress生成具体的“路由规则”，同时借助SVC资源实现pod的负载均衡；

二、ingress-nginx是什么

ingress-nginx 在 kubernetes 中是一个具有七层协议（HTTP/HTTPS）的路由转发机制，通过策略以及结合具体提供转发服务的 Ingress Controller 来实现基于灵活的 ingress 策略定义的服务路由功能,ingress controller目前主要有两种：基于nginx服务的ingress controller和基于traefik的ingress controller,我们重点讲一下ingress-nginx。

k8s提供的ingress，github地址：https://github.com/kubernetes/ingress-nginx
nginx提供的ingress，github地址：https://github.com/nginxinc/kubernetes-ingress

ingress-nginx主要有两部分组成 Ingress和Ingress-controller

Ingress: 是k8s的一种资源对象，用来描述一个路由请求的yaml文件，将Nginx的配置抽象成一个
    Ingress对象，每添加一个新的服务只需写一个新的Ingress的yaml文件即可

Ingress-controller: 将新加入的Ingress转化成Nginx的配置文件并使之生效

三、ingress-nginx 实现原理

        Ingress-nginx简单的理解就是你原来需要改Nginx配置，然后配置各种域名对应哪个Service，现在变成每添加一个server就创建一个Ingress对象(yaml文件)，不再需要去改Nginx，直接 部署yam就行了。Ingress Controller通过与Kubernetes API交互，动态感知集群中Ingress规则变化，然后读取他，按照他自己模板生成一段Nginx配置，再写到ingress-nginx-controller Pod里，最后reload 一下。

ingress具体的工作原理如下:

  1. 部署一个ingress资源对象，yaml文件写明了哪个域名对应k8s集群中的哪个service。
  2. ingress contronler通过与k8s的api进行交互，动态的去感知k8s集群中ingress服务规则的变化，然后读取它再根据ingress-controller中的nginx配置模板，生成一段对应的nginx配置。
  3. 把该配置动态的写到ingress-nginx-controller的pod里，该ingress-nginx-controller的pod里面运行着一个nginx服务，控制器会把生成的nginx配置写入到nginx的配置文件中，然后reload一下，使其配置生效,以此来达到域名分配置及动态更新的效果
  4. 浏览器请求先到ingress-nginx-controller 服务，再按照定义的ingress规则，转发到k8s集群中对应的service。

四、部署ingress-nginx

版本对应：GitHub - kubernetes/ingress-nginx: Ingress-NGINX Controller for KubernetesIngress-NGINX Controller for Kubernetes. Contribute to kubernetes/ingress-nginx development by creating an account on GitHub.icon-default.png?t=N7T8https://github.com/kubernetes/ingress-nginx

 ingress-nginx 部署文档地址：Installation Guide - Ingress-Nginx Controllericon-default.png?t=N7T8https://kubernetes.github.io/ingress-nginx/deploy/

1.获取部署文件 ingress-nginx.yaml

kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kubernetes/ingress-nginx/controller-v1.6.4/deploy/static/provider/cloud/deploy.yaml

有直接用部署的命令，但是yaml文件中有镜像因为网络的原因无法下载，所以需要先下载文件，进行替换

wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kubernetes/ingress-nginx/controller-v1.6.4/deploy/static/provider/cloud/deploy.yaml

网络的原因，镜像修改为

# 原始镜像
registry.k8s.io/ingress-nginx/controller:v1.6.3@sha256:b92667e0afde1103b736e6a3f00dd75ae66eec4e71827d19f19f471699e909d2
registry.k8s.io/ingress-nginx/kube-webhook-certgen:v20220916-gd32f8c343@sha256:39c5b2e3310dc4264d638ad28d9d1d96c4cbb2b2dcfb52368fe4e3c63f61e10f# 修改为
registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/oslee-dockerhub/ingress-nginx-controller:v1.6.3
registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/oslee-dockerhub/kube-webhook-certgen:v20220916-gd32f8c343

修改ingress-nginx的暴露方式。官网默认的是LoadBalancer，如果想使用需要安装MetalLB，我们先修改成为NodePort方式。

​

直接使用已修改好的ingress-nginx.yaml

apiVersion: v1
kind: Namespace
metadata:labels:app.kubernetes.io/instance: ingress-nginxapp.kubernetes.io/name: ingress-nginxname: ingress-nginx
---
apiVersion: v1
automountServiceAccountToken: true
kind: ServiceAccount
metadata:labels:app.kubernetes.io/component: controllerapp.kubernetes.io/instance: ingress-nginxapp.kubernetes.io/name: ingress-nginxapp.kubernetes.io/part-of: ingress-nginxapp.kubernetes.io/version: 1.6.3name: ingress-nginxnamespace: ingress-nginx
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: ServiceAccount
metadata:labels:app.kubernetes.io/component: admission-webhookapp.kubernetes.io/instance: ingress-nginxapp.kubernetes.io/name: ingress-nginxapp.kubernetes.io/part-of: ingress-nginxapp.kubernetes.io/version: 1.6.3name: ingress-nginx-admissionnamespace: ingress-nginx
---
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: Role
metadata:labels:app.kubernetes.io/component: controllerapp.kubernetes.io/instance: ingress-nginxapp.kubernetes.io/name: ingress-nginxapp.kubernetes.io/part-of: ingress-nginxapp.kubernetes.io/version: 1.6.3name: ingress-nginxnamespace: ingress-nginx
rules:- apiGroups:- ""resources:- namespacesverbs:- get- apiGroups:- ""resources:- configmaps- pods- secrets- endpointsverbs:- get- list- watch- apiGroups:- ""resources:- servicesverbs:- get- list- watch- apiGroups:- networking.k8s.ioresources:- ingressesverbs:- get- list- watch- apiGroups:- networking.k8s.ioresources:- ingresses/statusverbs:- update- apiGroups:- networking.k8s.ioresources:- ingressclassesverbs:- get- list- watch- apiGroups:- coordination.k8s.ioresourceNames:- ingress-nginx-leaderresources:- leasesverbs:- get- update- apiGroups:- coordination.k8s.ioresources:- leasesverbs:- create- apiGroups:- ""resources:- eventsverbs:- create- patch- apiGroups:- discovery.k8s.ioresources:- endpointslicesverbs:- list- watch- get
---
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: Role
metadata:labels:app.kubernetes.io/component: admission-webhookapp.kubernetes.io/instance: ingress-nginxapp.kubernetes.io/name: ingress-nginxapp.kubernetes.io/part-of: ingress-nginxapp.kubernetes.io/version: 1.6.3name: ingress-nginx-admissionnamespace: ingress-nginx
rules:- apiGroups:- ""resources:- secretsverbs:- get- create
---
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRole
metadata:labels:app.kubernetes.io/instance: ingress-nginxapp.kubernetes.io/name: ingress-nginxapp.kubernetes.io/part-of: ingress-nginxapp.kubernetes.io/version: 1.6.3name: ingress-nginx
rules:- apiGroups:- ""resources:- configmaps- endpoints- nodes- pods- secrets- namespacesverbs:- list- watch- apiGroups:- coordination.k8s.ioresources:- leasesverbs:- list- watch- apiGroups:- ""resources:- nodesverbs:- get- apiGroups:- ""resources:- servicesverbs:- get- list- watch- apiGroups:- networking.k8s.ioresources:- ingressesverbs:- get- list- watch- apiGroups:- ""resources:- eventsverbs:- create- patch- apiGroups:- networking.k8s.ioresources:- ingresses/statusverbs:- update- apiGroups:- networking.k8s.ioresources:- ingressclassesverbs:- get- list- watch- apiGroups:- discovery.k8s.ioresources:- endpointslicesverbs:- list- watch- get
---
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRole
metadata:labels:app.kubernetes.io/component: admission-webhookapp.kubernetes.io/instance: ingress-nginxapp.kubernetes.io/name: ingress-nginxapp.kubernetes.io/part-of: ingress-nginxapp.kubernetes.io/version: 1.6.3name: ingress-nginx-admission
rules:- apiGroups:- admissionregistration.k8s.ioresources:- validatingwebhookconfigurationsverbs:- get- update
---
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: RoleBinding
metadata:labels:app.kubernetes.io/component: controllerapp.kubernetes.io/instance: ingress-nginxapp.kubernetes.io/name: ingress-nginxapp.kubernetes.io/part-of: ingress-nginxapp.kubernetes.io/version: 1.6.3name: ingress-nginxnamespace: ingress-nginx
roleRef:apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.iokind: Rolename: ingress-nginx
subjects:- kind: ServiceAccountname: ingress-nginxnamespace: ingress-nginx
---
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: RoleBinding
metadata:labels:app.kubernetes.io/component: admission-webhookapp.kubernetes.io/instance: ingress-nginxapp.kubernetes.io/name: ingress-nginxapp.kubernetes.io/part-of: ingress-nginxapp.kubernetes.io/version: 1.6.3name: ingress-nginx-admissionnamespace: ingress-nginx
roleRef:apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.iokind: Rolename: ingress-nginx-admission
subjects:- kind: ServiceAccountname: ingress-nginx-admissionnamespace: ingress-nginx
---
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRoleBinding
metadata:labels:app.kubernetes.io/instance: ingress-nginxapp.kubernetes.io/name: ingress-nginxapp.kubernetes.io/part-of: ingress-nginxapp.kubernetes.io/version: 1.6.3name: ingress-nginx
roleRef:apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.iokind: ClusterRolename: ingress-nginx
subjects:- kind: ServiceAccountname: ingress-nginxnamespace: ingress-nginx
---
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRoleBinding
metadata:labels:app.kubernetes.io/component: admission-webhookapp.kubernetes.io/instance: ingress-nginxapp.kubernetes.io/name: ingress-nginxapp.kubernetes.io/part-of: ingress-nginxapp.kubernetes.io/version: 1.6.3name: ingress-nginx-admission
roleRef:apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.iokind: ClusterRolename: ingress-nginx-admission
subjects:- kind: ServiceAccountname: ingress-nginx-admissionnamespace: ingress-nginx
---
apiVersion: v1
data:allow-snippet-annotations: "true"
kind: ConfigMap
metadata:labels:app.kubernetes.io/component: controllerapp.kubernetes.io/instance: ingress-nginxapp.kubernetes.io/name: ingress-nginxapp.kubernetes.io/part-of: ingress-nginxapp.kubernetes.io/version: 1.6.3name: ingress-nginx-controllernamespace: ingress-nginx
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:labels:app.kubernetes.io/component: controllerapp.kubernetes.io/instance: ingress-nginxapp.kubernetes.io/name: ingress-nginxapp.kubernetes.io/part-of: ingress-nginxapp.kubernetes.io/version: 1.6.3name: ingress-nginx-controllernamespace: ingress-nginx
spec:externalTrafficPolicy: LocalipFamilies:- IPv4ipFamilyPolicy: SingleStackports:- appProtocol: httpname: httpport: 80protocol: TCPtargetPort: httpnodePort: 80- appProtocol: httpsname: httpsport: 443protocol: TCPtargetPort: httpsselector:app.kubernetes.io/component: controllerapp.kubernetes.io/instance: ingress-nginxapp.kubernetes.io/name: ingress-nginxtype: NodePort
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:labels:app.kubernetes.io/component: controllerapp.kubernetes.io/instance: ingress-nginxapp.kubernetes.io/name: ingress-nginxapp.kubernetes.io/part-of: ingress-nginxapp.kubernetes.io/version: 1.6.3name: ingress-nginx-controller-admissionnamespace: ingress-nginx
spec:ports:- appProtocol: httpsname: https-webhookport: 443targetPort: webhookselector:app.kubernetes.io/component: controllerapp.kubernetes.io/instance: ingress-nginxapp.kubernetes.io/name: ingress-nginxtype: ClusterIP
---
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:labels:app.kubernetes.io/component: controllerapp.kubernetes.io/instance: ingress-nginxapp.kubernetes.io/name: ingress-nginxapp.kubernetes.io/part-of: ingress-nginxapp.kubernetes.io/version: 1.6.3name: ingress-nginx-controllernamespace: ingress-nginx
spec:minReadySeconds: 0revisionHistoryLimit: 10selector:matchLabels:app.kubernetes.io/component: controllerapp.kubernetes.io/instance: ingress-nginxapp.kubernetes.io/name: ingress-nginxtemplate:metadata:labels:app.kubernetes.io/component: controllerapp.kubernetes.io/instance: ingress-nginxapp.kubernetes.io/name: ingress-nginxspec:containers:- args:- /nginx-ingress-controller- --publish-service=$(POD_NAMESPACE)/ingress-nginx-controller- --election-id=ingress-nginx-leader- --controller-class=k8s.io/ingress-nginx- --ingress-class=nginx- --configmap=$(POD_NAMESPACE)/ingress-nginx-controller- --validating-webhook=:8443- --validating-webhook-certificate=/usr/local/certificates/cert- --validating-webhook-key=/usr/local/certificates/keyenv:- name: POD_NAMEvalueFrom:fieldRef:fieldPath: metadata.name- name: POD_NAMESPACEvalueFrom:fieldRef:fieldPath: metadata.namespace- name: LD_PRELOADvalue: /usr/local/lib/libmimalloc.soimage: registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/oslee-dockerhub/ingress-nginx-controller:v1.6.3imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresentlifecycle:preStop:exec:command:- /wait-shutdownlivenessProbe:failureThreshold: 5httpGet:path: /healthzport: 10254scheme: HTTPinitialDelaySeconds: 10periodSeconds: 10successThreshold: 1timeoutSeconds: 1name: controllerports:- containerPort: 80name: httpprotocol: TCP- containerPort: 443name: httpsprotocol: TCP- containerPort: 8443name: webhookprotocol: TCPreadinessProbe:failureThreshold: 3httpGet:path: /healthzport: 10254scheme: HTTPinitialDelaySeconds: 10periodSeconds: 10successThreshold: 1timeoutSeconds: 1resources:requests:cpu: 100mmemory: 90MisecurityContext:allowPrivilegeEscalation: truecapabilities:add:- NET_BIND_SERVICEdrop:- ALLrunAsUser: 101volumeMounts:- mountPath: /usr/local/certificates/name: webhook-certreadOnly: truednsPolicy: ClusterFirstnodeSelector:kubernetes.io/os: linuxingress: "true"serviceAccountName: ingress-nginxterminationGracePeriodSeconds: 300volumes:- name: webhook-certsecret:secretName: ingress-nginx-admission
---
apiVersion: batch/v1
kind: Job
metadata:labels:app.kubernetes.io/component: admission-webhookapp.kubernetes.io/instance: ingress-nginxapp.kubernetes.io/name: ingress-nginxapp.kubernetes.io/part-of: ingress-nginxapp.kubernetes.io/version: 1.6.3name: ingress-nginx-admission-createnamespace: ingress-nginx
spec:template:metadata:labels:app.kubernetes.io/component: admission-webhookapp.kubernetes.io/instance: ingress-nginxapp.kubernetes.io/name: ingress-nginxapp.kubernetes.io/part-of: ingress-nginxapp.kubernetes.io/version: 1.6.3name: ingress-nginx-admission-createspec:containers:- args:- create- --host=ingress-nginx-controller-admission,ingress-nginx-controller-admission.$(POD_NAMESPACE).svc- --namespace=$(POD_NAMESPACE)- --secret-name=ingress-nginx-admissionenv:- name: POD_NAMESPACEvalueFrom:fieldRef:fieldPath: metadata.namespaceimage: registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/oslee-dockerhub/kube-webhook-certgen:v20220916-gd32f8c343imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresentname: createsecurityContext:allowPrivilegeEscalation: falsenodeSelector:kubernetes.io/os: linuxingress: "true"restartPolicy: OnFailuresecurityContext:fsGroup: 2000runAsNonRoot: truerunAsUser: 2000serviceAccountName: ingress-nginx-admission
---
apiVersion: batch/v1
kind: Job
metadata:labels:app.kubernetes.io/component: admission-webhookapp.kubernetes.io/instance: ingress-nginxapp.kubernetes.io/name: ingress-nginxapp.kubernetes.io/part-of: ingress-nginxapp.kubernetes.io/version: 1.6.3name: ingress-nginx-admission-patchnamespace: ingress-nginx
spec:template:metadata:labels:app.kubernetes.io/component: admission-webhookapp.kubernetes.io/instance: ingress-nginxapp.kubernetes.io/name: ingress-nginxapp.kubernetes.io/part-of: ingress-nginxapp.kubernetes.io/version: 1.6.3name: ingress-nginx-admission-patchspec:containers:- args:- patch- --webhook-name=ingress-nginx-admission- --namespace=$(POD_NAMESPACE)- --patch-mutating=false- --secret-name=ingress-nginx-admission- --patch-failure-policy=Failenv:- name: POD_NAMESPACEvalueFrom:fieldRef:fieldPath: metadata.namespaceimage: registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/oslee-dockerhub/kube-webhook-certgen:v20220916-gd32f8c343imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresentname: patchsecurityContext:allowPrivilegeEscalation: falsenodeSelector:kubernetes.io/os: linuxingress: "true"restartPolicy: OnFailuresecurityContext:fsGroup: 2000runAsNonRoot: truerunAsUser: 2000serviceAccountName: ingress-nginx-admission
---
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: IngressClass
metadata:labels:app.kubernetes.io/component: controllerapp.kubernetes.io/instance: ingress-nginxapp.kubernetes.io/name: ingress-nginxapp.kubernetes.io/part-of: ingress-nginxapp.kubernetes.io/version: 1.6.3name: nginx
spec:controller: k8s.io/ingress-nginx
---
apiVersion: admissionregistration.k8s.io/v1
kind: ValidatingWebhookConfiguration
metadata:labels:app.kubernetes.io/component: admission-webhookapp.kubernetes.io/instance: ingress-nginxapp.kubernetes.io/name: ingress-nginxapp.kubernetes.io/part-of: ingress-nginxapp.kubernetes.io/version: 1.6.3name: ingress-nginx-admission
webhooks:- admissionReviewVersions:- v1clientConfig:service:name: ingress-nginx-controller-admissionnamespace: ingress-nginxpath: /networking/v1/ingressesfailurePolicy: FailmatchPolicy: Equivalentname: validate.nginx.ingress.kubernetes.iorules:- apiGroups:- networking.k8s.ioapiVersions:- v1operations:- CREATE- UPDATEresources:- ingressessideEffects: None

2.部署ingress-nginx

# 可添加nodeSelector 部署至期望的节点上
kubectl label nodes k8s1 ingress=true
kubectl apply -f ingress-nginx.yaml

3.检查部署是否成功

kubectl get all -n ingress-nginx -owide

​

五、编写使用Ingress样例代码

1.Ingress资源对象yaml文件

# ingress 配置
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:name: easy-paas-adminnamespace: easy-paas
#  annotations:
#    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/rewrite-target: /
#    kubernetes.io/ingress.class: nginx
spec:ingressClassName: nginxrules:- host : "easy-paas.com"http :paths :- pathType : Prefixpath : /backend :service :name : easy-paas-adminport:number: 8001

2.修改本地hosts 配置域名

192.168.11.11 easy-paas.com

3.浏览器访问后端方法

4.常见错误

Error from server (InternalError): error when creating "easy-paas-admin.yaml": Internal error occurred: failed calling webhook "validate.nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io": failed to call webhook: Post "https://ingress-nginx-controller-admission.ingress-nginx.svc:443/networking/v1/ingresses?timeout=10s": dial tcp 10.200.140.179:443: connect: connection refused

查看

kubectl get validatingwebhookconfigurations

删除ingress-nginx-admission
kubectl delete -A ValidatingWebhookConfiguration ingress-nginx-admission

然后再执行

 kubectl apply -f easy-paas-admin.yaml
 

这篇关于13.1.k8s集群的七层代理-ingress资源（进阶知识）的文章就介绍到这儿，希望我们推荐的文章对编程师们有所帮助！


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