数字图像与机器视觉基础#1

本文主要是介绍数字图像与机器视觉基础#1，希望对大家解决编程问题提供一定的参考价值，需要的开发者们随着小编来一起学习吧！

一、数字图像

BMP位图大小比较

用Windows自带的画图打开彩色图片，并保存不同的BMP位数。
从左到右是单色位图 16色位图 256色位图彩色位图
四个BMP文件的大小

BMP文件头

在这里插入图片描述

BMP、JPG、GIF和PNG格式大小比

在这里插入图片描述

格式	压缩比
jpg	99.61%
gif	139.69%
bmp	856.3%

二、奇异值分解（SVD）

代码

import numpy as np
import os
from PIL import Image
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import matplotlib as mpl
from pprint import pprintdef restore1(sigma, u, v, K):  # 奇异值、左特征向量、右特征向量m = len(u)n = len(v[0])a = np.zeros((m, n))for k in range(K):uk = u[:, k].reshape(m, 1)vk = v[k].reshape(1, n)a += sigma[k] * np.dot(uk, vk)a[a < 0] = 0a[a > 255] = 255# a = a.clip(0, 255)return np.rint(a).astype('uint8')def restore2(sigma, u, v, K):  # 奇异值、左特征向量、右特征向量m = len(u)n = len(v[0])a = np.zeros((m, n))for k in range(K+1):for i in range(m):a[i] += sigma[k] * u[i][k] * v[k]a[a < 0] = 0a[a > 255] = 255return np.rint(a).astype('uint8')if __name__ == "__main__":A = Image.open("./lena.png", 'r')print(A)output_path = r'./SVD_Output'if not os.path.exists(output_path):os.mkdir(output_path)a = np.array(A)print(a.shape)K = 50u_r, sigma_r, v_r = np.linalg.svd(a[:, :, 0])u_g, sigma_g, v_g = np.linalg.svd(a[:, :, 1])u_b, sigma_b, v_b = np.linalg.svd(a[:, :, 2])plt.figure(figsize=(11, 9), facecolor='w')mpl.rcParams['font.sans-serif'] = ['simHei']mpl.rcParams['axes.unicode_minus'] = Falsefor k in range(1, K+1):print(k)R = restore1(sigma_r, u_r, v_r, k)G = restore1(sigma_g, u_g, v_g, k)B = restore1(sigma_b, u_b, v_b, k)I = np.stack((R, G, B), axis=2)Image.fromarray(I).save('%s\\svd_%d.png' % (output_path, k))if k <= 12:plt.subplot(3, 4, k)plt.imshow(I)plt.axis('off')plt.title('奇异值个数：%d' % k)plt.suptitle('SVD与图像分解', fontsize=20)plt.tight_layout(0.3, rect=(0, 0, 1, 0.92))# plt.subplots_adjust(top=0.9)plt.show()

打开文件夹，可见奇异值越少越模糊

三、图像的开闭运算(腐蚀-膨胀)

图像开运算是图像依次经过腐蚀、膨胀处理后的过程。图像被腐蚀后，去除了噪声，但是也压缩了图像；接着对腐蚀过的图像进行膨胀处理，可以去除噪声，并保留原有图像。
图像闭运算是图像依次经过膨胀、腐蚀处理后的过程。图像先膨胀，后腐蚀，它有助于关闭前景物体内部的小孔，或物体上的小黑点。

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import cv2
import numpy as npdef stackImages(scale, imgArray):rows = len(imgArray)cols = len(imgArray[0])rowsAvailable = isinstance(imgArray[0], list)width = imgArray[0][0].shape[1]height = imgArray[0][0].shape[0]if rowsAvailable:for x in range(0, rows):for y in range(0, cols):if imgArray[x][y].shape[:2] == imgArray[0][0].shape[:2]:imgArray[x][y] = cv2.resize(imgArray[x][y], (0, 0), None, scale, scale)else:imgArray[x][y] = cv2.resize(imgArray[x][y], (imgArray[0][0].shape[1], imgArray[0][0].shape[0]),None, scale, scale)if len(imgArray[x][y].shape) == 2: imgArray[x][y] = cv2.cvtColor(imgArray[x][y], cv2.COLOR_GRAY2BGR)imageBlank = np.zeros((height, width, 3), np.uint8)hor = [imageBlank] * rowshor_con = [imageBlank] * rowsfor x in range(0, rows):hor[x] = np.hstack(imgArray[x])ver = np.vstack(hor)else:for x in range(0, rows):if imgArray[x].shape[:2] == imgArray[0].shape[:2]:imgArray[x] = cv2.resize(imgArray[x], (0, 0), None, scale, scale)else:imgArray[x] = cv2.resize(imgArray[x], (imgArray[0].shape[1], imgArray[0].shape[0]), None, scale, scale)if len(imgArray[x].shape) == 2: imgArray[x] = cv2.cvtColor(imgArray[x], cv2.COLOR_GRAY2BGR)hor = np.hstack(imgArray)ver = horreturn ver#读取图片
src = cv2.imread("coin.png")
img = src.copy()#灰度
img_1 = cv2.cvtColor(img, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)#二值化
ret, img_2 = cv2.threshold(img_1, 127, 255, cv2.THRESH_BINARY_INV + cv2.THRESH_OTSU)#腐蚀
kernel = np.ones((20, 20), int)
img_3 = cv2.erode(img_2, kernel, iterations=1)#膨胀
kernel = np.ones((3, 3), int)
img_4 = cv2.dilate(img_3, kernel, iterations=1)#找到硬币中心
contours, hierarchy = cv2.findContours(img_4, cv2.RETR_EXTERNAL, cv2.CHAIN_APPROX_NONE)[-2:]#标识硬币
cv2.drawContours(img, contours, -1, (0, 0, 255), 5)#显示图片
cv2.putText(img, "count:{}".format(len(contours)), (0, 30), cv2.FONT_HERSHEY_SIMPLEX, 1.0, (255, 0, 0), 3)
cv2.putText(src, "src", (0, 30), cv2.FONT_HERSHEY_SIMPLEX, 1.0, (255, 0, 0), 3)
cv2.putText(img_1, "gray", (0, 30), cv2.FONT_HERSHEY_SIMPLEX, 1.0, (255, 0, 0), 3)
cv2.putText(img_2, "thresh", (0, 30), cv2.FONT_HERSHEY_SIMPLEX, 1.0, (255, 0, 0), 3)
cv2.putText(img_3, "erode", (0, 30), cv2.FONT_HERSHEY_SIMPLEX, 1.0, (255, 0, 0), 3)
cv2.putText(img_4, "dilate", (0, 30), cv2.FONT_HERSHEY_SIMPLEX, 1.0, (255, 0, 0), 3)
imgStack = stackImages(1, ([src, img_1, img_2], [img_3, img_4, img]))
cv2.imshow("imgStack", imgStack)
cv2.waitKey(0)

硬币

在这里插入图片描述

细胞

四、图像梯度、开闭、轮廓运算识别条形码

代码


import cv2
import numpy as np
import imutils
from pyzbar import pyzbar
def stackImages(scale, imgArray):rows = len(imgArray)cols = len(imgArray[0])rowsAvailable = isinstance(imgArray[0], list)width = imgArray[0][0].shape[1]height = imgArray[0][0].shape[0]if rowsAvailable:for x in range(0, rows):for y in range(0, cols):if imgArray[x][y].shape[:2] == imgArray[0][0].shape[:2]:imgArray[x][y] = cv2.resize(imgArray[x][y], (0, 0), None, scale, scale)else:imgArray[x][y] = cv2.resize(imgArray[x][y], (imgArray[0][0].shape[1], imgArray[0][0].shape[0]),None, scale, scale)if len(imgArray[x][y].shape) == 2: imgArray[x][y] = cv2.cvtColor(imgArray[x][y], cv2.COLOR_GRAY2BGR)imageBlank = np.zeros((height, width, 3), np.uint8)hor = [imageBlank] * rowshor_con = [imageBlank] * rowsfor x in range(0, rows):hor[x] = np.hstack(imgArray[x])ver = np.vstack(hor)else:for x in range(0, rows):if imgArray[x].shape[:2] == imgArray[0].shape[:2]:imgArray[x] = cv2.resize(imgArray[x], (0, 0), None, scale, scale)else:imgArray[x] = cv2.resize(imgArray[x], (imgArray[0].shape[1], imgArray[0].shape[0]), None, scale, scale)if len(imgArray[x].shape) == 2: imgArray[x] = cv2.cvtColor(imgArray[x], cv2.COLOR_GRAY2BGR)hor = np.hstack(imgArray)ver = horreturn ver#读取图片
src = cv2.imread("txm.jpg")
img = src.copy()#灰度
img_1 = cv2.cvtColor(img, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)#高斯滤波
img_2 = cv2.GaussianBlur(img_1, (5, 5), 1)#Sobel算子
sobel_x = cv2.Sobel(img_2, cv2.CV_64F, 1, 0, ksize=3)
sobel_y = cv2.Sobel(img_2, cv2.CV_64F, 0, 1, ksize=3)
sobel_x = cv2.convertScaleAbs(sobel_x)
sobel_y = cv2.convertScaleAbs(sobel_y)
img_3 = cv2.addWeighted(sobel_x, 0.5, sobel_y, 0.5, 0)#均值方波
img_4 = cv2.blur(img_3, (5, 5))#二值化
ret, img_5 = cv2.threshold(img_4, 127, 255, cv2.THRESH_BINARY + cv2.THRESH_OTSU)#闭运算
kernel = np.ones((100, 100), int)
img_6 = cv2.morphologyEx(img_5, cv2.MORPH_CLOSE, kernel)#开运算
kernel = np.ones((200, 200), int)
img_7 = cv2.morphologyEx(img_6, cv2.MORPH_OPEN, kernel)#绘制条形码区域
contours = cv2.findContours(img_7, cv2.RETR_EXTERNAL, cv2.CHAIN_APPROX_SIMPLE)
contours = imutils.grab_contours(contours)
c = sorted(contours, key = cv2.contourArea, reverse = True)[0]
rect = cv2.minAreaRect(c)
box = cv2.cv.BoxPoints(rect) if imutils.is_cv2() else cv2.boxPoints(rect)
box = np.int0(box)
cv2.drawContours(img, [box], -1, (0,255,0), 20)#显示图片信息
cv2.putText(img, "results", (200, 200), cv2.FONT_HERSHEY_SIMPLEX, 1.0, (255, 0, 0), 3)
cv2.putText(img_1, "gray", (200, 200), cv2.FONT_HERSHEY_SIMPLEX, 1.0, (0, 0, 0), 3)
cv2.putText(img_2, "GaussianBlur",(200, 200), cv2.FONT_HERSHEY_SIMPLEX, 1.0, (0, 0, 0), 3)
cv2.putText(img_3, "Sobel", (200, 200), cv2.FONT_HERSHEY_SIMPLEX, 1.0, (255, 0, 0), 3)
cv2.putText(img_4, "blur", (200, 200), cv2.FONT_HERSHEY_SIMPLEX, 1.0, (255, 0, 0), 3)
cv2.putText(img_5, "threshold", (200, 200), cv2.FONT_HERSHEY_SIMPLEX, 1.0, (255, 0, 0), 3)
cv2.putText(img_6, "close", (200, 200), cv2.FONT_HERSHEY_SIMPLEX, 1.0, (0, 0, 0), 3)
cv2.putText(img_7, "open", (200, 200), cv2.FONT_HERSHEY_SIMPLEX, 1.0, (0, 0, 0), 3)#输出条形码
barcodes = pyzbar.decode(src)
for barcode in barcodes:barcodeData = barcode.data.decode("utf-8")cv2.putText(img, barcodeData, (200, 600), cv2.FONT_HERSHEY_SIMPLEX, 5.0, (0, 255, 0), 30)#显示所有图片
imgStack = stackImages(0.8, ([img_1, img_2],[img_3,img_4],[img_5,img_6],[img_7,img]))
cv2.imshow("imgStack", imgStack)
cv2.waitKey(0)