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前面已经提到，pytest和unittest是兼容的，但是它也有不兼容的地方，比如ddt数据驱动，测试夹具fixtures（即setup、teardown）这些功能在pytest中都不能使用了，因为pytest已经不再继承unittest了。
不使用ddt数据驱动那pytest是如何实现参数化的呢？答案就是mark里自带的一个参数化标签。
源码解读
关键代码：@pytest.mark.parametrize
我们先看下源码：def parametrize(self,argnames, argvalues, indirect=False, ids=None, scope=None):，按住ctrl然后点击对应的函数名就可查看源码。
python
<span style="background-color:#282c34"><span style="color:#abb2bf"> <span style="color:#61aeee"><span style="color:#f92672">def</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">parametrize</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">self,argnames, argvalues, indirect=<span style="color:#56b6c2">False</span>, ids=<span style="color:#56b6c2">None</span>, scope=<span style="color:#56b6c2">None</span></span>):</span><span style="color:#98c379">""" Add new invocations to the underlying test function using the listof argvalues for the given argnames. Parametrization is performedduring the collection phase. If you need to setup expensive resourcessee about setting indirect to do it rather at test setup time.:arg argnames: a comma-separated string denoting one or more argumentnames, or a list/tuple of argument strings.:arg argvalues: The list of argvalues determines how often atest is invoked with different argument values. If only oneargname was specified argvalues is a list of values. If Nargnames were specified, argvalues must be a list of N-tuples,where each tuple-element specifies a value for its respectiveargname.:arg indirect: The list of argnames or boolean. A list of arguments'names (self,subset of argnames). If True the list contains all names fromthe argnames. Each argvalue corresponding to an argname in this list willbe passed as request.param to its respective argname fixturefunction so that it can perform more expensive setups during thesetup phase of a test rather than at collection time.:arg ids: list of string ids, or a callable.If strings, each is corresponding to the argvalues so that they arepart of the test id. If None is given as id of specific test, theautomatically generated id for that argument will be used.If callable, it should take one argument (self,a single argvalue) and returna string or return None. If None, the automatically generated id for thatargument will be used.If no ids are provided they will be generated automatically fromthe argvalues.:arg scope: if specified it denotes the scope of the parameters.The scope is used for grouping tests by parameter instances.It will also override any fixture-function defined scope, allowingto set a dynamic scope using test context or configuration."""</span>
</span></span> 我们来看下主要的四个参数：
🍊参数1-argnames：一个或多个参数名，用逗号分隔的字符串，如"arg1,arg2,arg3"，或参数字符串的列表/元组。需要注意的是，参数名需要与用例的入参一致。
🍊参数2-argvalues：参数值，必须是列表类型；如果有多个参数，则用元组存放值，一个元组存放一组参数值，元组放在列表。(实际上元组包含列表、列表包含列表也是可以的，可以动手试一下)
python
<span style="background-color:#282c34"><span style="color:#abb2bf"><span style="color:#b18eb1"><em># 只有一个参数username时，列表里都是这个参数的值：</em></span>
<span style="color:#61aeee">@pytest.mark.parametrize(<span style="color:#3388aa">"username"</span>, [<span style="color:#3388aa">"user1"</span>, <span style="color:#3388aa">"user2"</span>, <span style="color:#3388aa">"user3"</span>])</span>
<span style="color:#b18eb1"><em># 有多个参数username、pwd，用元组存放参数值，一个元组对应一组参数：</em></span>
<span style="color:#61aeee">@pytest.mark.parametrize(<span style="color:#3388aa">"username, pwd"</span>, [(<span style="color:#3388aa">"user1"</span>, <span style="color:#3388aa">"pwd1"</span>), (<span style="color:#3388aa">"user2"</span>, <span style="color:#3388aa">"pwd2"</span>), (<span style="color:#3388aa">"user3"</span>, <span style="color:#3388aa">"pwd3"</span>)])</span></span></span> 🍊参数3-indirect：默认为False，设置为Ture时会把传进来的参数(argnames)当函数执行。后面会进行详解。
🍊参数4-ids：用例的ID，传字符串列表，它可以标识每一个测试用例，自定义测试数据结果显示，增加可读性；需要注意的是ids的长度需要与测试用例的数量一致。
单个参数化
下面我们来看下常用的参数化：
python
<span style="background-color:#282c34"><span style="color:#abb2bf"><span style="color:#f92672">import</span> pytestdata = [(<span style="color:#d19a66">1</span>, <span style="color:#d19a66">2</span>, <span style="color:#d19a66">3</span>), (<span style="color:#d19a66">4</span>, <span style="color:#d19a66">5</span>, <span style="color:#d19a66">9</span>)]<span style="color:#61aeee">@pytest.mark.parametrize(<span style="color:#3388aa">'a, b, expect'</span>, data)</span>
<span style="color:#61aeee"><span style="color:#f92672">def</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">test_param</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">a, b, expect</span>):</span><span style="color:#e6c07b">print</span>(<span style="color:#98c379">'\n测试数据：{}+{}'</span>.<span style="color:#e6c07b">format</span>(a, b))<span style="color:#f92672">assert</span> a+b == expect</span></span> 运行结果：
shell
<span style="background-color:#282c34"><span style="color:#abb2bf">Testing started at 14:10 ...============================= test session starts =============================
platform win32 -- Python 3.8.1, pytest-5.4.3, py-1.9.0, pluggy-0.13.1 -- C:\software\python\python.exe
cachedir: .pytest_cache
rootdir: D:\myworkspace\test, inifile: pytest.ini
collecting ... test.py::test_param[1-2-3]
test.py::test_param[4-5-9]
collected 2 itemstest.py::test_param[1-2-3] PASSED [ 50%]
测试数据：1+2test.py::test_param[4-5-9] PASSED [100%]
测试数据：4+5============================== 2 passed in 0.02s ==============================Process finished with exit code 0</span></span> 如上用例参数化后，一条测试数据就会执行一遍用例。
再看下列表包含字典的：
python
<span style="background-color:#282c34"><span style="color:#abb2bf"><span style="color:#f92672">import</span> pytest<span style="color:#61aeee"><span style="color:#f92672">def</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">login</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">user, pwd</span>):</span><span style="color:#98c379">"""登录功"""</span><span style="color:#f92672">if</span> user == <span style="color:#98c379">"admin"</span> <span style="color:#f92672">and</span> pwd == <span style="color:#98c379">"admin123"</span>:<span style="color:#f92672">return</span> {<span style="color:#98c379">"code"</span>: <span style="color:#d19a66">0</span>, <span style="color:#98c379">"msg"</span>: <span style="color:#98c379">"登录成功!"</span>}<span style="color:#f92672">else</span>:<span style="color:#f92672">return</span> {<span style="color:#98c379">"code"</span>: <span style="color:#d19a66">1</span>, <span style="color:#98c379">"msg"</span>: <span style="color:#98c379">"登陆失败，账号或密码错误!"</span>}<span style="color:#b18eb1"><em># 测试数据</em></span>
test_datas = [{<span style="color:#98c379">"user"</span>: <span style="color:#98c379">"admin"</span>, <span style="color:#98c379">"pwd"</span>: <span style="color:#98c379">"admin123"</span>, <span style="color:#98c379">"expected"</span>: <span style="color:#98c379">"登录成功!"</span>},{<span style="color:#98c379">"user"</span>: <span style="color:#98c379">""</span>, <span style="color:#98c379">"pwd"</span>: <span style="color:#98c379">"admin123"</span>, <span style="color:#98c379">"expected"</span>: <span style="color:#98c379">"登陆失败，账号或密码错误!"</span>},{<span style="color:#98c379">"user"</span>: <span style="color:#98c379">"admin"</span>, <span style="color:#98c379">"pwd"</span>: <span style="color:#98c379">""</span>, <span style="color:#98c379">"expected"</span>: <span style="color:#98c379">"登陆失败，账号或密码错误!"</span>}]<span style="color:#61aeee">@pytest.mark.parametrize(<span style="color:#3388aa">"test_data"</span>, test_datas)</span>
<span style="color:#61aeee"><span style="color:#f92672">def</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">test_login</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">test_data</span>):</span><span style="color:#b18eb1"><em># 测试用例</em></span>res = login(test_data[<span style="color:#98c379">"user"</span>], test_data[<span style="color:#98c379">"pwd"</span>])<span style="color:#b18eb1"><em># 断言</em></span><span style="color:#e6c07b">print</span>(<span style="color:#d19a66">111</span>)<span style="color:#f92672">assert</span> res[<span style="color:#98c379">"msg"</span>] == test_data[<span style="color:#98c379">"expected"</span>]</span></span> 运行结果：
shell
<span style="background-color:#282c34"><span style="color:#abb2bf">Testing started at 14:13 ...============================= test session starts =============================
platform win32 -- Python 3.8.1, pytest-5.4.3, py-1.9.0, pluggy-0.13.1 -- C:\software\python\python.exe
cachedir: .pytest_cache
rootdir: D:\myworkspace\test, inifile: pytest.ini
collecting ... test.py::test_login[test_data0]
test.py::test_login[test_data1]
test.py::test_login[test_data2]
collected 3 itemstest.py::test_login[test_data0] PASSED [ 33%]111test.py::test_login[test_data1] PASSED [ 66%]111test.py::test_login[test_data2] PASSED [100%]111============================== 3 passed in 0.02s ==============================Process finished with exit code 0</span></span>多个参数化
一个函数或一个类都可以使用多个参数化装饰器，“笛卡尔积”原理。最终生成的用例是n1*n2*n3...条，如下例子，参数一的值有2个，参数二的值有3个，那么最后生成的用例就是2*3条。
python
<span style="background-color:#282c34"><span style="color:#abb2bf"><span style="color:#f92672">import</span> pytestdata1 = [<span style="color:#d19a66">1</span>, <span style="color:#d19a66">2</span>]
data2 = [<span style="color:#98c379">'a'</span>, <span style="color:#98c379">'b'</span>, <span style="color:#98c379">'c'</span>]<span style="color:#61aeee">@pytest.mark.parametrize(<span style="color:#3388aa">'test1'</span>, data1)</span>
<span style="color:#61aeee">@pytest.mark.parametrize(<span style="color:#3388aa">'test2'</span>, data2)</span>
<span style="color:#61aeee"><span style="color:#f92672">def</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">test_param</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">test1, test2</span>):</span><span style="color:#e6c07b">print</span>(<span style="color:#98c379">'\n测试数据：{}-{}'</span>.<span style="color:#e6c07b">format</span>(test1, test2))</span></span> 运行结果：
shell
<span style="background-color:#282c34"><span style="color:#abb2bf">Testing started at 14:15 ...============================= test session starts =============================
platform win32 -- Python 3.8.1, pytest-5.4.3, py-1.9.0, pluggy-0.13.1 -- C:\software\python\python.exe
cachedir: .pytest_cache
rootdir: D:\myworkspace\test, inifile: pytest.ini
collecting ... test.py::test_param[a-1]
test.py::test_param[a-2]
test.py::test_param[b-1]
test.py::test_param[b-2]
test.py::test_param[c-1]
test.py::test_param[c-2]
collected 6 itemstest.py::test_param[a-1] PASSED [ 16%]
测试数据：1-atest.py::test_param[a-2] PASSED [ 33%]
测试数据：2-atest.py::test_param[b-1] PASSED [ 50%]
测试数据：1-btest.py::test_param[b-2] PASSED [ 66%]
测试数据：2-btest.py::test_param[c-1] PASSED [ 83%]
测试数据：1-ctest.py::test_param[c-2] PASSED [100%]
测试数据：2-c============================== 6 passed in 0.03s ==============================Process finished with exit code 0</span></span> 从上面的例子来看，@pytest.mark.parametrize()其实跟ddt的用法很相似的，多用就好了。
标记数据
在参数化中，也可以标记数据进行断言、跳过等
python
<span style="background-color:#282c34"><span style="color:#abb2bf"><span style="color:#b18eb1"><em># 标记参数化</em></span>
<span style="color:#61aeee">@pytest.mark.parametrize(<span style="color:#3388aa">"test_input,expected"</span>, [(<span style="color:#3388aa">"3+5"</span>, <span style="color:#d19a66">8</span>), (<span style="color:#3388aa">"2+4"</span>, <span style="color:#d19a66">6</span>),pytest.param(<span style="color:#3388aa">"6 * 9"</span>, <span style="color:#d19a66">42</span>, marks=pytest.mark.xfail),pytest.param(<span style="color:#3388aa">"6 * 6"</span>, <span style="color:#d19a66">42</span>, marks=pytest.mark.skip)
])</span>
<span style="color:#61aeee"><span style="color:#f92672">def</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">test_mark</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">test_input, expected</span>):</span><span style="color:#f92672">assert</span> <span style="color:#e6c07b">eval</span>(test_input) == expected</span></span> 运行结果，可以看到2个通过，1个断言失败的，1个跳过的。
shell
<span style="background-color:#282c34"><span style="color:#abb2bf">Testing started at 14:17 ...============================= test session starts =============================
platform win32 -- Python 3.8.1, pytest-5.4.3, py-1.9.0, pluggy-0.13.1 -- C:\software\python\python.exe
cachedir: .pytest_cache
rootdir: D:\myworkspace\test, inifile: pytest.ini
collecting ... test.py::test_mark[3+5-8]
test.py::test_mark[2+4-6]
test.py::test_mark[6 * 9-42]
test.py::test_mark[6 * 6-42]
collected 4 itemstest.py::test_mark[3+5-8]
test.py::test_mark[2+4-6]
test.py::test_mark[6 * 9-42]
test.py::test_mark[6 * 6-42] =================== 2 passed, 1 skipped, 1 xfailed in 0.14s ===================Process finished with exit code 0
PASSED [ 25%]PASSED [ 50%]XFAIL [ 75%]
test_input = '6 * 9', expected = 42@pytest.mark.parametrize("test_input,expected", [("3+5", 8), ("2+4", 6),pytest.param("6 * 9", 42, marks=pytest.mark.xfail),pytest.param("6 * 6", 42, marks=pytest.mark.skip)])def test_mark(test_input, expected):
<span style="color:#61aeee">></span> assert <span style="color:#e6c07b">eval</span>(test_input) == expected
E AssertionErrortest.py:89: AssertionError
SKIPPED [100%]
Skipped: unconditional skip</span></span>用例ID
前面源码分析说到ids可以标识每一个测试用例；有多少组数据，就要有多少个id，然后组成一个id的列表；现在来看下实例。
python
<span style="background-color:#282c34"><span style="color:#abb2bf"><span style="color:#f92672">import</span> pytest<span style="color:#61aeee"><span style="color:#f92672">def</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">login</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">user, pwd</span>):</span><span style="color:#98c379">"""登录功"""</span><span style="color:#f92672">if</span> user == <span style="color:#98c379">"admin"</span> <span style="color:#f92672">and</span> pwd == <span style="color:#98c379">"admin123"</span>:<span style="color:#f92672">return</span> {<span style="color:#98c379">"code"</span>: <span style="color:#d19a66">0</span>, <span style="color:#98c379">"msg"</span>: <span style="color:#98c379">"登录成功!"</span>}<span style="color:#f92672">else</span>:<span style="color:#f92672">return</span> {<span style="color:#98c379">"code"</span>: <span style="color:#d19a66">1</span>, <span style="color:#98c379">"msg"</span>: <span style="color:#98c379">"登陆失败，账号或密码错误!"</span>}<span style="color:#b18eb1"><em># 测试数据</em></span>
test_datas = [{<span style="color:#98c379">"user"</span>: <span style="color:#98c379">"admin"</span>, <span style="color:#98c379">"pwd"</span>: <span style="color:#98c379">"admin123"</span>, <span style="color:#98c379">"expected"</span>: <span style="color:#98c379">"登录成功!"</span>},{<span style="color:#98c379">"user"</span>: <span style="color:#98c379">""</span>, <span style="color:#98c379">"pwd"</span>: <span style="color:#98c379">"admin123"</span>, <span style="color:#98c379">"expected"</span>: <span style="color:#98c379">"登陆失败，账号或密码错误!"</span>},{<span style="color:#98c379">"user"</span>: <span style="color:#98c379">"admin"</span>, <span style="color:#98c379">"pwd"</span>: <span style="color:#98c379">""</span>, <span style="color:#98c379">"expected"</span>: <span style="color:#98c379">"登陆失败，账号或密码错误!"</span>}]<span style="color:#61aeee">@pytest.mark.parametrize(<span style="color:#3388aa">"test_data"</span>, test_datas, ids=[<span style="color:#3388aa">"输入正确账号、密码，登录成功"</span>,<span style="color:#3388aa">"账号为空，密码正确，登录失败"</span>,<span style="color:#3388aa">"账号正确，密码为空，登录失败"</span>,])</span>
<span style="color:#61aeee"><span style="color:#f92672">def</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">test_login</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">test_data</span>):</span><span style="color:#b18eb1"><em># 测试用例</em></span>res = login(test_data[<span style="color:#98c379">"user"</span>], test_data[<span style="color:#98c379">"pwd"</span>])<span style="color:#b18eb1"><em># 断言</em></span><span style="color:#e6c07b">print</span>(<span style="color:#d19a66">111</span>)<span style="color:#f92672">assert</span> res[<span style="color:#98c379">"msg"</span>] == test_data[<span style="color:#98c379">"expected"</span>]</span></span> 运行结果：
shell
<span style="background-color:#282c34"><span style="color:#abb2bf">Testing started at 10:34 ...============================= test session starts =============================
platform win32 -- Python 3.8.1, pytest-5.4.3, py-1.9.0, pluggy-0.13.1 -- C:\software\python\python.exe
cachedir: .pytest_cache
rootdir: D:\myworkspace\test, inifile: pytest.ini
collecting ... collected 3 itemstest.py::test_login[\u8f93\u5165\u6b63\u786e\u8d26\u53f7\u3001\u5bc6\u7801\uff0c\u767b\u5f55\u6210\u529f] PASSED [ 33%]111test.py::test_login[\u8d26\u53f7\u4e3a\u7a7a\uff0c\u5bc6\u7801\u6b63\u786e\uff0c\u767b\u5f55\u5931\u8d25] PASSED [ 66%]111test.py::test_login[\u8d26\u53f7\u6b63\u786e\uff0c\u5bc6\u7801\u4e3a\u7a7a\uff0c\u767b\u5f55\u5931\u8d25] PASSED [100%]111============================== 3 passed in 0.02s ==============================Process finished with exit code 0
</span></span> 注意： [\u8f93\u5165\u6b63 ...] 这些并不是乱码，是unicode 编码，因为我们输入的是中文，指定一下编码就可以。在项目的根目录的 conftest.py 文件，加以下代码：
python
<span style="background-color:#282c34"><span style="color:#abb2bf"><span style="color:#61aeee"><span style="color:#f92672">def</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">pytest_collection_modifyitems</span>(<span style="color:#a6e22e">items</span>):</span><span style="color:#98c379">"""测试用例收集完成时，将收集到的item的name和nodeid的中文显示在控制台上:return:"""</span><span style="color:#f92672">for</span> item <span style="color:#f92672">in</span> items:item.name = item.name.encode(<span style="color:#98c379">"utf-8"</span>).decode(<span style="color:#98c379">"unicode_escape"</span>)<span style="color:#e6c07b">print</span>(item.nodeid)item._nodeid = item.nodeid.encode(<span style="color:#98c379">"utf-8"</span>).decode(<span style="color:#98c379">"unicode_escape"</span>)</span></span> 再运行一遍就可以了。
shell
<span style="background-color:#282c34"><span style="color:#abb2bf">Testing started at 10:38 ...============================= test session starts =============================
platform win32 -- Python 3.8.1, pytest-5.4.3, py-1.9.0, pluggy-0.13.1 -- C:\software\python\python.exe
cachedir: .pytest_cache
rootdir: D:\myworkspace\test, inifile: pytest.ini
collecting ... test.py::test_login[\u8f93\u5165\u6b63\u786e\u8d26\u53f7\u3001\u5bc6\u7801\uff0c\u767b\u5f55\u6210\u529f]
test.py::test_login[\u8d26\u53f7\u4e3a\u7a7a\uff0c\u5bc6\u7801\u6b63\u786e\uff0c\u767b\u5f55\u5931\u8d25]
test.py::test_login[\u8d26\u53f7\u6b63\u786e\uff0c\u5bc6\u7801\u4e3a\u7a7a\uff0c\u767b\u5f55\u5931\u8d25]
collected 3 itemstest.py::test_login[输入正确账号、密码，登录成功] PASSED [ 33%]111test.py::test_login[账号为空，密码正确，登录失败] PASSED [ 66%]111test.py::test_login[账号正确，密码为空，登录失败] PASSED [100%]111============================== 3 passed in 0.02s ==============================Process finished with exit code 0</span></span>最后我邀请你进入我们的【软件测试学习交流群：785128166】， 大家可以一起探讨交流软件测试，共同学习软件测试技术、面试等软件测试方方面面，还会有免费直播课，收获更多测试技巧，我们一起进阶Python自动化测试/测试开发，走向高薪之路
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