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OD统一考试(C卷)
分值: 200分
题解: Java / Python / C++
题目描述
假定街道是棋盘型的,每格距离相等,车辆通过每格街道需要时间均为 timePerRoad;街道的街口(交叉点)有交通灯,灯的周期T(=lights[row][col])各不相同;
车辆可直行、左转和右转,其中直行和左转需要等相应T时间的交通灯才可通行,右转无需等待。
现给出 n*m 个街口的交通灯周期,以及起止街口的坐标,计算车辆经过两个街口的最短时间。
其中:
1)起点和终点的交通灯不计入时间,且可以任意方向经过街口
2)不可超出 n*m 个街口,不可跳跃,但边线也是道路(即 lights[0][0] -> lights[0][1] 是有效路径)
入口函数定义:
/**
* lights : n*m 个街口每个交通灯的周期,值范围[0,120],n和m的范围为[1,9]
* timePerRoad : 相邻两个街口之间街道的通过时间,范围为[0,600]
* rowStart : 起点的行号
* colStart : 起点的列号
* rowEnd : 终点的行号
* colEnd : 终点的列号
* return : lights[rowStart][colStart] 与 lights[rowEnd][colEnd] 两个街口之间的最短通行时间
*/
int calcTime(int[][] lights,int timePerRoad,int rowStart,int colStart,int rowEnd,int colEnd)
此题核心编程模式,实现对应方法即可。
示例1
输入:
[[1,2,3],[4,5,6],[7,8,9]],60,0,0,2,2输出:
245说明:
行走路线为(0,0)-> (0,1) -> (1,1) -> (1,2) ->(2,2)走了4格路,2个右转,1个左转,共耗时60+0+60+5+60+0+60=245
题解
数据量不大, 此题采用回溯法求解。
从四个方向到达起点,然后按照题目要求进行一步步的探索,直到所有的方案都探索完成,此时输出到达目标位置最短的时间。
Java
/*** @author code5bug*/
class Solution {private int[][] lights;private int timePerRoad;private int rowEnd, colEnd;private boolean[][][] vis;private int[][] directions = {{-1, 0}, {0, 1}, {1, 0}, {0, -1}}; // 上、右、下、左private int result;/*** lights : n*m 个街口每个交通灯的周期,值范围[0,120],n和m的范围为[1,9]* timePerRoad : 相邻两个街口之间街道的通过时间,范围为[0,600]* rowStart : 起点的行号* colStart : 起点的列号* rowEnd : 终点的行号* colEnd : 终点的列号* return : lights[rowStart][colStart] 与 lights[rowEnd][colEnd] 两个街口之间的最短通行时间*/public int calcTime(int[][] lights, int timePerRoad, int rowStart, int colStart, int rowEnd, int colEnd) {int n = lights.length, m = lights[0].length;this.lights = lights;this.timePerRoad = timePerRoad;this.rowEnd = rowEnd;this.colEnd = colEnd;this.result = Integer.MAX_VALUE;this.vis = new boolean[n][m][4];for (int d = 0; d < 4; d++) { // 从四个方向到达起点, 寻找到达目标位置路口最短的时间dfs(rowStart, colStart, d, 0);}return result != Integer.MAX_VALUE ? result : -1;}private boolean valid(int row, int col) {return 0 <= row && row < vis.length && 0 <= col && col < vis[0].length;}private void dfs(int row, int col, int direction, int time) {if (vis[row][col][direction] || time >= result) { // 剪枝: 已经遍历过 或 时间不会更短return;}// 到达终点if (row == rowEnd && col == colEnd) {result = Math.min(result, time);return;}vis[row][col][direction] = true;for (int d = -1; d <= 1; d++) {int newDir = (direction + d + 4) % 4;int dr = directions[newDir][0], dc = directions[newDir][1];int newRow = row + dc, newCol = col + dr;if (!valid(newRow, newCol)) continue;if (d == -1 || d == 0) { // 左转或直行dfs(newRow, newCol, newDir, time + timePerRoad + lights[row][col]);} else { // 右转,不需要路口等待时间dfs(newRow, newCol, newDir, time + timePerRoad);}}vis[row][col][direction] = false;}
}
Python
from math import infclass Solution:# 返回通过指定路口之间的最短时间# @param lights int整型二维数组 n*m 个街口每个交通灯的周期,值范围[0,120],n和m的范围为[1,9]# @param timePerRoad int整型 相邻两个街口之间街道的通过时间,范围为[0,600]# @param rowStart int整型 起点的行号# @param colStart int整型 起点的列号# @param rowEnd int整型 终点的行号# @param colEnd int整型 终点的列号# @return int整型def calcTime(self, lights, timePerRoad, rowStart, colStart, rowEnd, colEnd):n, m = len(lights), len(lights[0])directions = [(-1, 0), (0, 1), (1, 0), (0, -1)] # 上、右、下、左vis = [[[False] * 4] * m for _ in range(n)]def valid(row, col):return 0 <= row < n and 0 <= col < mdef dfs(row, col, direction, time):nonlocal resultif vis[row][col][direction] or time >= result:return# 到达终点if row == rowEnd and col == colEnd:result = min(result, time)returnvis[row][col][direction] = Truefor d in range(-1, 2, 1):new_dir = (direction + d + 4) % 4dr, dc = directions[new_dir]new_row, new_col = row + dc, col + drif not valid(new_row, new_col):continueif d == -1 or d == 0: # 左转或直行dfs(new_row, new_col, new_dir, time +timePerRoad + lights[row][col])else: # 右转dfs(new_row, new_col, new_dir, time + timePerRoad)vis[row][col][direction] = Falseresult = inffor d in range(4):dfs(rowStart, colStart, d, 0)return result if result != inf else -1
C++
class Solution {
private:vector<vector<int>> lights;int timePerRoad;int rowEnd, colEnd;vector<vector<vector<bool>>> vis;vector<vector<int>> directions = {{-1, 0}, {0, 1}, {1, 0}, {0, -1}}; // 上、右、下、左int result;public:int calcTime(vector<vector<int>>& lights, int timePerRoad, int rowStart, int colStart, int rowEnd, int colEnd) {int n = lights.size(), m = lights[0].size();this->lights = lights;this->timePerRoad = timePerRoad;this->rowEnd = rowEnd;this->colEnd = colEnd;this->result = INT_MAX;this->vis = vector<vector<vector<bool>>>(n, vector<vector<bool>>(m, vector<bool>(4, false)));for (int d = 0; d < 4; d++) {dfs(rowStart, colStart, d, 0);}return result != INT_MAX ? result : -1;}private:bool valid(int row, int col) {return 0 <= row && row < vis.size() && 0 <= col && col < vis[0].size();}void dfs(int row, int col, int direction, int time) {if (vis[row][col][direction] || time >= result) {return;}// 到达终点if (row == rowEnd && col == colEnd) {result = min(result, time);return;}vis[row][col][direction] = true;for (int d = -1; d <= 1; d++) {int newDir = (direction + d + 4) % 4;int dr = directions[newDir][0], dc = directions[newDir][1];int newRow = row + dc, newCol = col + dr;if (!valid(newRow, newCol)) {continue;}if (d == -1 || d == 0) { // 左转或直行dfs(newRow, newCol, newDir, time + timePerRoad + lights[row][col]);} else { // 右转,不需要路口等待时间dfs(newRow, newCol, newDir, time + timePerRoad);}}vis[row][col][direction] = false;}
};
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