【云计算】Docker特别版——前端一篇学会

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前言：Docker 通过虚拟化安装和运行应用程序的操作系统来简化构建、运 行、管理和分发应用程序的过程。 目的是使应用程序在不同的系统环 境中高效工作。

一、下载安装docker

（一）Windows桌面应用安装

1. 下载安装包

   官网：https://www.docker.com/

   

2. 安装Docker

   点击安装包，自动安装

   

   

   成功安装，重新启动

   

3. 重新启动如果版本不对会报错内存较低

   

   报错使用命令进行安装

   wsl --update
   

   

   

   然后就可以正常打开了

   

   

（二）Linux命令安装

1. 安装要求

   更新软件包索引并安装依赖包：

   sudo apt update
   sudo apt install apt-transport-https ca-certificates curl software-properties-common
   

   添加 Docker 官方 GPG 密钥：

   curl -fsSL https://download.docker.com/linux/ubuntu/gpg | sudo gpg --dearmor -o /usr/share/keyrings/docker-archive-			keyring.gpg
   

   添加 Docker APT 仓库：

   	echo "deb [signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/docker-archive-keyring.gpg] https://download.docker.com/linux/ubuntu                        $(lsb_release -cs) stable" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/docker.list > /dev/null
   

2. 添加国内yum源

   根据每个系统的不同的yum源进行配置

   windows:

   {"builder": {"gc": {"defaultKeepStorage": "20GB","enabled": true}},"experimental": false,"features": {"buildkit": true},"registry-mirrors": ["https://docker.mirrors.ustc.edu.cn","https://registry.docker-cn.com","http://hub-mirror.c.163.com","https://mirror.ccs.tencentyun.com"]
   }
   

   

3. 开始安装

   sudo apt update 
   sudo apt install docker-ce
   

4. 启动docker服务

   sudo systemctl start docker
   

5. 验证docker是否安装成功

   docker --version
   

二、windows注册登录docker

Linux系统直接去到官网或者使用的时候在进行注册

打开软件选择登录

登记注册账号

登录账号

打开桌面应用

登录中

登录成功

三、Docker的常规操作

(一)、基本的 Docker 命令

1. 检查 docker 的版本

   docker --version
   

   

2. 活动容器的列表

   docker ps
   

   在这里插入图片描述

3. 全部容器列表

   docker ps -a
   

   

4. 系统中镜像列表

   docker images
   

   

5. 使用镜像名称创建容器

   docker run ARGUMENT IMAGE-NAME
   

   这里的参数 -itd (或者 -i -t -d ) 是指：

   i ‒ 交互模式

   t ‒ 连接到显示终端

   d ‒ 后台运行模式

   我们可以使用我们所需的任何参数来运行容器

6. 停止容器

   docker stop CONTAINER-ID/NAME
   

   

   

7. 删除容器

   docker rm CONTAINER-ID/NAME
   docker rm -f CONTAINER-ID/NAME  //  强制删除
   

   

8. 删除镜像

   docker rmi IMAGE-ID
   

   

9. 访问容器

   docker exec -it container name /bin/bash
   

   

(二)、镜像操作

从码头工人中心 (docker.com)上获取镜像

Docker 镜像仓库地址：地址格式一般是<域名/ip>[:端口号] ，默认地址是Dcoker Hub官方地址

仓库名：这里的仓库是两段式名称，即<用户名>/<软件名>，

1. 查看本地拥有哪些镜像

   docker image
   

2. 删除镜像

   docker rmi -f 镜像名称
   

3. 查看docker中可以使用的操作

   docker --help
   

4. 给镜像重新打上一个tag

   docker tag nginx nginx:test
   

5. 将镜像导出成一个独立的文件

   docker save nginx >/tmp/nginx.tar.gz
   

6. 如果无法连接到互联网，使用这个命令导出

   docker load</tmp/nginx.tar.gz
   

(三)、容器的配置

• 启动第一个容器

  以某个镜像为基础运行一个容器

  docker run --name webserver -d -p:8100:80 nginx
  

  

• 访问容器地址

  

(四)、登录远程仓库

• 登录命令

  $ docker login
  

• 退出登录

  $ docker logout
  

  

四、镜像管理

(一)、搜索官方仓库镜像

docker search <imoge_name>

$ docker login$ docker search nginx | head -3
NAME                                              DESCRIPTION                                      STARS     OFFICIAL   AUTOMATED
nginx                                             Official build of Nginx.                         18888     [OK]
unit                                              Official build of NGINX Unit: Universal Web …   8         [OK]

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(二)、获取镜像

docker pull <imoge_name>:<tog>

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$ docker pull nginx:1.25.2-perl #下载1.25.2版本
1.25.2-perl: Pulling from library/nginx
52d2b7f179e3: Already exists
fd9f026c6310: Already exists
055fa98b4363: Already exists
96576293dd29: Already exists
a7c4092be904: Already exists
e3b6889c8954: Already exists
da761d9a302b: Already exists
60c2235cc8b6: Pull complete
Digest: sha256:da5e596e27292bedea3c1a59fbef9852e7b0b7e5c21178982c4cc78cb2d700f4
Status: Downloaded newer image for nginx:1.25.2-perl
docker.io/library/nginx:1.25.2-perlWhat's Next?View summary of image vulnerabilities and recommendations → docker scout quickview nginx:1.25.2-perl
$ docker image ls  # 查看镜像
REPOSITORY   TAG           IMAGE ID       CREATED      SIZE
nginx        1.25.2-perl   a465b9c519a0   5 days ago   236MB
nginx        latest        eea7b3dcba7e   5 days ago   187MB

(三)、导出镜像

docker image save <imoge_name>:<tog> >/路径/<imoge_name>.tar.gz

$ docker tag nginx nginx:test # 给镜像重新打上一个tag 
$ docker image save nginx:1.25.2-perl >  C:\Users\daiyu\Desktop\nginx-v2.0.tar.gz #Windows与Linux一样
$ docker load</tmp/nginx.tar.gz #如果没有办法访问外网的情况下可以使用这个命令进行导出

(四)、导入镜像

docker image load i <imoge_name>.tar.gz

$ docker image load i nginx-v2.0.tar.gz$ docker image ls

(五)、删除镜像

$ docker image rm nginx:1.25.2-perl

(六)、查看镜像详细信息

$ docker  image inspect nginx
PS C:\Users\daiyu\Desktop> docker  image inspect nginx
[{"Id": "sha256:eea7b3dcba7ee47c0d16a60cc85d2b977d166be3960541991f3e6294d795ed24","RepoTags": ["nginx:latest"],"RepoDigests": ["nginx@sha256:104c7c5c54f2685f0f46f3be607ce60da7085da3eaa5ad22d3d9f01594295e9c"],"Parent": "","Comment": "","Created": "2023-08-16T09:50:55.765544033Z","Container": "50b019921f82064e1d8af7e2723929d4c5fafcfd6d8b03595711bd1e455dd3c4","ContainerConfig": {"Hostname": "50b019921f82","Domainname": "","User": "","AttachStdin": false,"AttachStdout": false,"AttachStderr": false,"ExposedPorts": {"80/tcp": {}},"Tty": false,"OpenStdin": false,"StdinOnce": false,"Env": ["PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin","NGINX_VERSION=1.25.2","NJS_VERSION=0.8.0","PKG_RELEASE=1~bookworm"],"Cmd": ["/bin/sh","-c","#(nop) ","CMD [\"nginx\" \"-g\" \"daemon off;\"]"],"Image": "sha256:d59ed5fe14c2a306f94488f41ddc8fb060312ee31997f5e077a4c4b29b19114e","Volumes": null,"WorkingDir": "","Entrypoint": ["/docker-entrypoint.sh"],"OnBuild": null,"Labels": {"maintainer": "NGINX Docker Maintainers <docker-maint@nginx.com>"},"StopSignal": "SIGQUIT"},"DockerVersion": "20.10.23","Author": "","Config": {"Hostname": "","Domainname": "","User": "","AttachStdin": false,"AttachStdout": false,"AttachStderr": false,"ExposedPorts": {"80/tcp": {}},"Tty": false,"OpenStdin": false,"StdinOnce": false,"Env": ["PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin","NGINX_VERSION=1.25.2","NJS_VERSION=0.8.0","PKG_RELEASE=1~bookworm"],"Cmd": ["nginx","-g","daemon off;"],"Image": "sha256:d59ed5fe14c2a306f94488f41ddc8fb060312ee31997f5e077a4c4b29b19114e","Volumes": null,"WorkingDir": "","Entrypoint": ["/docker-entrypoint.sh"],"OnBuild": null,"Labels": {"maintainer": "NGINX Docker Maintainers <docker-maint@nginx.com>"},"StopSignal": "SIGQUIT"},"Architecture": "amd64","Os": "linux","Size": 186639842,"VirtualSize": 186639842,"GraphDriver": {"Data": {"LowerDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/a5a633a93c5ecaf9c0dd7c64176078a19f62e4902b72671aac868cea4f34d62c/diff:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/926886d52dd0b566a6a96ac3fe3481b9f5e5b92fa7ae354e8b19c3dc8e37ca69/diff:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/14689eb83ef85938fbfc46af9987f07c5ef1f4e058a75ab5b2021c97903a1028/diff:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/57a9f4fdcb8ba210cd81e460f116e30ea33be8abb820c8f3bdb49c965fb46e61/diff:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/5485a2ea4a95a9bdefe35136dc9c41958d5a860dd618171d0679fec6becdcc36/diff:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/145318f6dd8347b6db03a6f60e976f85a16c04067e6301cbe2dfe6ef5113a5f1/diff",                "MergedDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/ff41488d38d52c94f16d3ef5bf823f2183235420cc795fb523f64a7ced1c5979/merged","UpperDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/ff41488d38d52c94f16d3ef5bf823f2183235420cc795fb523f64a7ced1c5979/diff","WorkDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/ff41488d38d52c94f16d3ef5bf823f2183235420cc795fb523f64a7ced1c5979/work"},"Name": "overlay2"},"RootFS": {"Type": "layers","Layers": ["sha256:511780f88f80081112aea1bfdca6c800e1983e401b338e20b2c6e97f384e4299","sha256:4713cb24eeff341d0c36343149beba247572a5ff65c2be5b5d9baafb345c7393","sha256:d0a62f56ef413f60049bc87e43e60032b2a2ab8d931e15b86ee0286c85ae91a2","sha256:8a7e12012e6f60450e6d2d777b2a2c2256d34a0ccd84d605f72cc5329a87c8b8","sha256:e161c3f476b5199ab13856c7e190ed12a6562b7be059c7026ae9f594e1abbcaf","sha256:6fb960878295b567d25900b590157b976d080340caeaa8bf8c46d38c01b4537d","sha256:563c64030925e9016a2329d3a2b7d47b0c90931baf5d2d0aa926c4c8d94ab894"]},"Metadata": {"LastTagTime": "0001-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}
]

(七)、上传自己公共仓库

公共仓库地址：nginx Tags (docker.com)

选择登录进行创建仓库

新建仓库

上传镜像

$ docker tag nginx daiyunjie/adlerian_nginx
$ docker image ls
REPOSITORY                 TAG       IMAGE ID       CREATED      SIZE
nginx                      latest    eea7b3dcba7e   5 days ago   187MB
daiyunjie/adlerian_nginx   latest    eea7b3dcba7e   5 days ago   187MB
$ docker push daiyunjie/adlerian_nginx
Using default tag: latest
The push refers to repository [docker.io/daiyunjie/adlerian_nginx]
563c64030925: Mounted from library/nginx
6fb960878295: Mounted from library/nginx
e161c3f476b5: Mounted from library/nginx
8a7e12012e6f: Mounted from library/nginx
d0a62f56ef41: Mounted from library/nginx
4713cb24eeff: Mounted from library/nginx
511780f88f80: Mounted from library/nginx
latest: digest: sha256:48a84a0728cab8ac558f48796f901f6d31d287101bc8b317683678125e0d2d35 size: 1778

上传成功

五、管理docker容器

(一)、容器的启用/停止

$ docker  container ls  #查看已经启动的容器
$ docker stop  43737ef7d61e #终止运行中的容器
$ docker start 43737ef7d61e #重新启动之前终止过的容器
$ docker  kill 43737ef7d61e #终止运行中的容器
$ docker  container rm  43737ef7d61e  #强制删除某个容器

(二)、进入容器的方法

$ docker run --name <name> -d -p:8100:80 nginx #创建一个容器<name>自己起名字
$ docker exec -it <name/ID> /bin/bash  #进入容器
$ cat /etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf  #nginx配置文件
$ exit #退出

(三)、容器与主机间的数据传输

$ docker cp webserver:/etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf .  #传输到主机
$ vim default.conf  #修改
$ docker cp default.conf webserver:/etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf  #传输到容器
$ docker restart webserver # 重启

六、docker 数据卷的管理

(一)、挂载时创建卷

$ mkdir /opt/docker-volumes
PS C:\Users\daiyu\Desktop> mkdir /opt/docker-volumes  #创建卷目录: C:\optMode                 LastWriteTime         Length Name
----                 -------------         ------ ----
d-----         2023/8/22     15:10                docker-volumes$ docker rm -f $(docker ps -a -q)  #强制删除所用容器$ docker container run -itd --name webserver -p 8080:80 -v /opt/docker-volumes/webserver:/usr/share/nginx/html nginx
025e425bcf03148bce7ceffbec1a1bf41e43f14dab5b70af021edacef049f6cc$ curl http://localhost:8080
$ echo "hello docker volume" >  /opt/docker-volumes/webserver/index.html$ curl http://localhost:8080

(二)、提前创建数据卷

$ docker volume create --name webserver \
$ docker volume create --name webserver \
$ docker volume inspect webserver
$ docker container run -itd --name webserver -p 8080:80 -v webserver:/usr/share/nginx/html nginx
$ curl http://localhost:8081
$ echo "hello docker webserver" >  /var/lib/docker/volumes/webserver/index.html
$ curl -i http://localhost:8081

七、项目实战（附录）

在Ubuntu上运行一个项目，并且使用nginx反向代理通过域名访问

1，安装SSL证书

首先，需要安装Python及相关组件。可以通过以下命令来完成：

$ sudo apt-get update
$ sudo apt-get install python3-certbot-apache

需要安装Certbot证书颁发机构的证书

$ sudo certbot certonly --standalone --agree-tos --email 邮箱账号 --domains 域名

最后，需要在Ubuntu系统中启用SSL

sudo certbot enable-ssl --apache --cert-file /etc/letsencrypt/live/example.com/fullchain.pem --key-file      								     /etc/letsencrypt/live/example.com/privkey.pem

2，配置nginx

​ 需要在etc/nginx/sites-available/目录下创建一个新的空白文件，然后进行以下配置

server {    listen       443 ssl;    server_name  test.thesky-xh.cn;    ssl_certificate     下载的ssl目录地址;    ssl_certificate_key  		ssl密钥的地址;   location / {       proxy_pass         http://localhost:5678; } 
}

配置nginx.conf文件：

server {listen 80;server_name test.thesky-xh.cn www.test.thesky-xh.cn;location / {return 301 https://$host$request_uri;}}server {listen 443 ssl;server_name test.thesky-xh.cn www.test.thesky-xh.cn;ssl_certificate /etc/letsencrypt/live/test.thesky-xh.cn/fullchain.pem;ssl_certificate_key /etc/letsencrypt/live/test.thesky-xh.cn/privkey.pem;location / {proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:5700;proxy_set_header Host $host;proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;}}

3，重启nginx服务器

$ sudo systemctl stop nginx
$ sudo systemctl start nginx

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