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词法分析(英语:lexical analysis)是计算机科学中将字符序列转换为单词(Token)序列的过程。进行词法分析的程序或者函数叫作词法分析器(Lexical analyzer,简称Lexer),也叫扫描器(Scanner)。词法分析器一般以函数的形式存在,供语法分析器调用。 完成词法分析任务的程序称为词法分析程序或词法分析器或扫描器。
本文介绍如何将扫描单词,进行词法的分析和提取
针对pascal语言的一个程序进行分析,C语言与此相似。
首先读入文本(test.txt)
begin
integer k;
integer m;
integer function F(n);
begin
integer n;
if n<=0 then F:=1
else F:=n*F(n-1)
end;
read(m);
k:=F(m);
write(k);
end
处理程序
mylex.c
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <setjmp.h>
#include <ctype.h>#define MAX_ID_LENGTH 256
#define MAX_TABLE_SIZE 2048
#define SUCCESS 1/*TOKEN序列*/
typedef enum token
{T_0=0,T_1=1,T_2=2,T_INT=3,T_IF=4,T_ELSE=5,T_WHILE=6,T_FOR=7,T_READ=8,T_WRITE=9,T_BEGIN=10,T_FOUNCTION=11,T_END=12,T_THEN=13,T_ADD=14,T_SUB=15,T_MUL=16,T_DIV=17,T_L=18,T_LE=19,T_G=20,T_GE=21,T_NE=22,T_E=23,T_ASSIGN=24,T_LPAR=25,T_RPAR=26,T_COM=27,T_SEM=28,T_RETURN=29,T_ERROR=30,T_SYMBOL=31,T_CONSTANT=32
} Token;/*符号表中的结构*/
typedef struct symtableitem
{char name[MAX_ID_LENGTH];Token lexToken;int type;
// bool init;int init;/*C89版本编译器不支持BOOL类型,用int代替*/
} SymTableItem;int line=1;/*全局计数变量,主要用于显示处理所在行的行数*/
SymTableItem symtable[MAX_TABLE_SIZE];/*保留字*/
char *reserved_table[] =
{"integer","if","else","while","for","read","write","begin","function","end","then"
};
/*操作数*/
char* operator_table[]=
{"+","-","*","/","<","<=",">",">=","!=","==",":=","(",")",",",";"
};
/*函数声明*/
void InitScanner(void);
int ScanOneToken(FILE* fp,char* temp);
void deal_one_token(char* temp);
void deal_error(char* temp);
void write_to_lex(char*temp,int count);
void write_to_error(char*temp);
void write_to_symtab1(char*temp,int count);//************************************
// Method: InitScanner
// FullName: InitScanner
// Access: public
// Returns: void
// Qualifier:
//************************************
void InitScanner(void)
{int count=0;for(count=0; count<MAX_TABLE_SIZE; count++){symtable[count].lexToken=T_1;memset(symtable[count].name,0,MAX_ID_LENGTH);symtable[count].init=0;symtable[count].type=0;}system("del lex.txt symtable1.txt error.txt");return ;
}//************************************
// Method: ScanOneToken
// FullName: ScanOneToken
// Access: public
// Returns: int
// Qualifier:
// Parameter: FILE * fp
// Parameter: char * temp
//************************************
int ScanOneToken(FILE* fp,char* temp)
{int temp_count=0,is_operator=1;char ch;jmp_buf buf1;ch=getc(fp);/* 判断是空格和回车跳过*/while (ch==' '||ch=='\t'||ch=='\n'){if(ch=='\n')line++;ch=getc(fp);}setjmp(buf1);/*设置还原点,用于数字和字符混合读取*/while(isalpha(ch))/*如果是字符*/{is_operator=0;temp[temp_count++]=ch;if (temp_count==MAX_ID_LENGTH-1){printf("error ....缓冲溢出\n");exit(EXIT_FAILURE);}ch=getc(fp);}while(isdigit(ch))/*如果是数字*/{is_operator=0;temp[temp_count++]=ch;if (temp_count==MAX_ID_LENGTH-1){printf("error ....缓冲溢出\n");exit(EXIT_FAILURE);}ch=getc(fp);if (isalpha(ch)){longjmp(buf1,1);/*返回函数的还原点,次目的主要用于字符和数字的混合读取*/}}if (!is_operator){ungetc(ch,fp);/*回退一个字符,因为已经识别出一个可以处理的结构*/return SUCCESS;}switch(ch)/*处理非字符和数字情况*/{case '>':case '<':temp[temp_count++]=ch;ch=getc(fp);if (ch=='='){temp[temp_count++]=ch;}elseungetc(ch,fp);/*回退一个读进的字符*/return SUCCESS;break;case '!':case ':':case '=':temp[temp_count++]=ch;ch=getc(fp);if (ch!='='){ungetc(ch,fp);write_to_error(temp);return !SUCCESS;}elsetemp[temp_count++]=ch;return SUCCESS;break;case '(':case ')':case ',':case ';':case '+':case '-':case '*':case '/':temp[temp_count++]=ch;return SUCCESS;break;default:temp[temp_count++]=ch;write_to_error(temp);/*错误处理*/system("pause");break;}return !SUCCESS;
}//************************************
// Method: deal_one_token
// FullName: deal_one_token
// Access: public
// Returns: void
// Qualifier:
// Parameter: char * temp
//************************************
void deal_one_token(char* temp)
{Token temp_token;int count=0,help=0,is_digit=0,i=0;/*判断是不是关键字,因为关键字是不能作为标示符的*/for (count=0; count<11; count++){if (!strcmp(temp,reserved_table[count])){printf("%s\t\t对应于TOKEN序列: %d\n",temp,count+3);write_to_lex(temp,count+3);return ;}}/*判断是不是运算符*/for (count=0; count<15; count++){if (!strcmp(operator_table[count],temp)){printf("%s\t 存在于运算符中\t对应于TOKEN序列: %d\n",temp,count+14);write_to_lex(temp,count+14);return ;}}/*查看是不是在符号表中已经标记出来,如果标记则返回,否则在符号表中标记*/for(count=0; symtable[count].init&&(count<MAX_TABLE_SIZE); count++){if (!strcmp(symtable[count].name,temp)){printf("%s\t存在于标示符的位置: %d\t对应的TOKEN序列是:%d\n",temp,count,symtable[count].lexToken);write_to_lex(temp,symtable[count].lexToken);return ;}}if (count==MAX_TABLE_SIZE){printf("缓冲区域溢出\n");exit(EXIT_FAILURE);system("pause");return;}write_to_symtab1(temp,count);/*写入符号表*/printf("%s\t对应的TOKEN序列是:%d\n",temp,symtable[count].lexToken);write_to_lex(temp,symtable[count].lexToken);return ;
}//************************************
// Method: write_to_error
// FullName: write_to_error
// Access: public
// Returns: void
// Qualifier: 错误处理
// Parameter: char * temp
//************************************
void write_to_error(char*temp)
{FILE *ERROR_FILE=fopen("error.txt","a+");if (!ERROR_FILE){printf("can`t open file error.txt exit_failure\n");system("pause");exit(EXIT_FAILURE);}fprintf(ERROR_FILE,"行%d\t未识别字符组合%s\n",line,temp);fclose(ERROR_FILE);return;
}//************************************
// Method: write_to_lex
// FullName: write_to_lex
// Access: public
// Returns: void
// Qualifier: 写入分析表lex
// Parameter: char * temp
// Parameter: int count
//************************************
void write_to_lex(char*temp,int count)
{FILE* LEX_FILE=fopen("lex.txt","a+");FILE* GRAMER_FILE=fopen("GRAMER.txt","a+");if (!LEX_FILE || !GRAMER_FILE){printf("error in open file lex.txt exit failure\n");system("pause");}fprintf(LEX_FILE,"行%d\t字符:%-10s\t对应TOKEN序列:%d\n",line,temp,count);fprintf(GRAMER_FILE,"%d\t%d\n",line,count);fclose(LEX_FILE);fclose(GRAMER_FILE);return;
}//************************************
// Method: write_to_symtab1
// FullName: write_to_symtab1
// Access: public
// Returns: void
// Qualifier: 写入符号表
// Parameter: char * temp
// Parameter: int count
//************************************
void write_to_symtab1(char*temp,int count)
{int help=0,is_digit=0;for (help=0; help<MAX_ID_LENGTH; help++){if (temp[help]=='\0'){break;}if (isdigit(temp[help])){is_digit=1;}else{is_digit=0;break;}}strcat(symtable[count].name,temp);symtable[count].init=1;if (is_digit){symtable[count].lexToken=T_CONSTANT;symtable[count].type=atoi(temp);}else{symtable[count].lexToken=T_SYMBOL;}return;
}//************************************
// Method: main
// FullName: main
// Access: public
// Returns: int
// Qualifier: 主函数
// Parameter: int agrc
// Parameter: char * argv[]
//************************************
int main(int agrc,char *argv[])
{printf("\t\tNEWPLAN\n");FILE* symtable1=NULL;int num=0;if(agrc<2){printf("ERROR: source file needed.\nUSAGE: mylex source.c\n");return 0;}FILE* fp=fopen(argv[1],"r");FILE* file_read=fp;
// char source_from[20]={0};char temp[MAX_ID_LENGTH];// strcat(source_from,"e:\\test.txt");
// file_read=fopen(source_from,"r");if(!file_read){printf("error in open source\n");exit(0);}InitScanner();for (;;){if (feof(file_read)){break;}memset(temp,0,sizeof(temp));ScanOneToken(file_read,temp);printf("line= %d\n",line);deal_one_token(temp);}if (!(symtable1=fopen("symtable1.txt","a+"))){printf("can`t open file symtable1 exit failure\n");system("pause");}/*将符号表输出到文件中去*/for (num=0; (num<MAX_TABLE_SIZE)&&(symtable[num].init); num++){fprintf(symtable1,"name=%s\tTOKEN=%d,type=%d\n",symtable[num].name,symtable[num].lexToken,symtable[num].type);}fclose(file_read);return 0;
}
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