半波片对偏振态的影响： import numpy as npimport qutip# 这是半波片对应的SU(2)操作def hwp(state, theta):rn_mat = -1*qutip.Qobj([[np.cos(2*theta),np.sin(2*theta)],[np.sin(2*theta),-np.cos(2*theta)]])r_state = (rn_mat*sta