git 服务器架设

建立一个 Git 代码共享仓库服务器。

1. 服务器

通常用 SSH 协议即可，我们应该为 Git 创建一个专用账号。

$ sudo useradd git$ sudo passwd git
Enter new UNIX password:
Retype new UNIX password:
passwd: password updated successfully

创建一个用来保存代码仓库的目录，注意赋予 git 账号读写权限。

$ sudo mkdir -p /var/git.server/project1
$ cd /var/git.server$ sudo chown git project1
$ sudo chgrp git project1$ ls -l
total 4
drwxr-xr-x 2 git git 4096 2010-05-17 00:55 project1

初始化 project1，注意在服务器上我们无需保留工作目录，因此创建一个纯粹(bare)的代码仓库。

$ cd project1/$ sudo su git$ pwd
/var/git.server/project1$ git --bare init
Initialized empty Git repository in /var/git.server/project1/$ ls -l
total 32
drwxr-xr-x 2 git git 4096 2010-05-17 00:59 branches
-rw-r--r-- 1 git git   66 2010-05-17 00:59 config
-rw-r--r-- 1 git git   73 2010-05-17 00:59 description
-rw-r--r-- 1 git git   23 2010-05-17 00:59 HEAD
drwxr-xr-x 2 git git 4096 2010-05-17 00:59 hooks
drwxr-xr-x 2 git git 4096 2010-05-17 00:59 info
drwxr-xr-x 4 git git 4096 2010-05-17 00:59 objects
drwxr-xr-x 4 git git 4096 2010-05-17 00:59 refs$ exit

我们在服务器上克隆一份用于管理和测试(应该禁止直接操作服务器仓库目录)。

$ git clone /var/git.server/project1/
Initialized empty Git repository in /home/yuhen/project1/.git/
warning: You appear to have cloned an empty repository.$ ls -al project1
total 12
drwxr-xr-x  3 yuhen yuhen 4096 2010-05-17 01:02 .
drwxr-xr-x 10 yuhen yuhen 4096 2010-05-17 01:02 ..
drwxr-xr-x  7 yuhen yuhen 4096 2010-05-17 01:02 .git

我们添加点项目初始化文件。

$ cd project1$ cat > .gitingore << end
> *~
> *.swp
> end$ touch README$ git status
# On branch master
#
# Initial commit
#
# Untracked files:
#   (use "git add <file>..." to include in what will be committed)
#
#       .gitingore
#       README
nothing added to commit but untracked files present (use "git add" to track)$ git add .
$ git commit -am "Start"
[master (root-commit) 723471e] Start1 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)create mode 100644 .gitingorecreate mode 100644 README

我们向服务器提交第一个版本。

$ git push git@localhost:/var/git.server/project1/ masterCounting objects: 4, done.
Delta compression using up to 2 threads.
Compressing objects: 100% (2/2), done.
Writing objects: 100% (4/4), 258 bytes, done.
Total 4 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0)
To git@localhost:/var/git.server/project1/* [new branch]      master -> master

通常情况下，我们可以用 origin 来代替服务器地址，不过当前测试账号没有写 git.server/project1 的权限，因此用 ssh 路径。同时需要指定 branch。

2. 客户端

好了，现在作为一个普通程序员，我们开始为 project1 项目工作。

$ git clone git@192.168.1.202:/var/git.server/project1
Initialized empty Git repository in /home/yuhen/project1/.git/
git@192.168.1.202's password: 
remote: Counting objects: 4, done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (2/2), done.
remote: Total 4 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0)
Receiving objects: 100% (4/4), done.$ ls -al project1
total 16
drwxr-xr-x  3 yuhen yuhen 4096 2010-05-17 01:11 .
drwxr-xr-x 27 yuhen yuhen 4096 2010-05-17 01:10 ..
drwxr-xr-x  8 yuhen yuhen 4096 2010-05-17 01:11 .git
-rw-r--r--  1 yuhen yuhen    9 2010-05-17 01:11 .gitingore
-rw-r--r--  1 yuhen yuhen    0 2010-05-17 01:11 README

代码已经克隆回来了，我们添加或修改一些文件。

$ touch INSTALL$ git status
# On branch master
# Untracked files:
#   (use "git add <file>..." to include in what will be committed)
#
#    INSTALL
nothing added to commit but untracked files present (use "git add" to track)$ git add .$ git commit -am "INSTALL"
[master b85e275] INSTALLCommitter: yuhen <yuhen@yuhen-desktop.(none)>0 files changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)create mode 100644 INSTALL

在将代码提交(push)到服务器之前，首先要确认相关更新已经合并(merge)到 master 了，还应该先从服务器刷新(pull)最新代码，以确保自己的提交不会和别人最新提交的代码冲突。

$ git pull origin master
git@192.168.1.202's password: 
remote: Counting objects: 3, done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (2/2), done.
remote: Total 2 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0)
Unpacking objects: 100% (2/2), done.
From 192.168.1.202:/var/git.server/project1* branch            master     -> FETCH_HEAD
Merge made by recursive.0 files changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)create mode 100644 HISTORY$ git push origin master
git@192.168.1.202's password: 
Could not chdir to home directory /home/git: No such file or directory
Counting objects: 6, done.
Delta compression using up to 2 threads.
Compressing objects: 100% (4/4), done.
Writing objects: 100% (4/4), 474 bytes, done.
Total 4 (delta 2), reused 0 (delta 0)
To git@192.168.1.202:/var/git.server/project1c4d7b1e..ee8cfb3  master -> master$ git log
commit ee8cfb3d14eed091e6f96d60af68ec07c05ab09d
Merge: b85e275 c4d7b1e
Author: yuhen <yuhen@yuhen-desktop.(none)>
Date:   Mon May 17 01:17:49 2010 +0800Merge branch 'master' of 192.168.1.202:/var/git.server/project1commit c4d7b1e796cf52e0b600f2c7e992f304052fa8c1
Author: Q.yuhen <qyuhen@hotmail.com>
Date:   Mon May 17 01:17:26 2010 +0800HISTORYcommit b85e275b52812e3d9ac36da78fb8cc924380a58c
Author: yuhen <yuhen@yuhen-desktop.(none)>
Date:   Mon May 17 01:13:35 2010 +0800INSTALLcommit 723471e3421d7fdfa80bf31e5c27f5a174e95afd
Author: Q.yuhen <qyuhen@hotmail.com>
Date:   Mon May 17 01:05:53 2010 +0800Start

我们应该避免频繁向服务器提交代码，而是在一个相对稳定的版本测试通过后再进行。
基本操作就是这些了，当然我们还可以提供只读账号或者 HTTP 访问协议，相关内容可参考《Pro Git》。