本文主要是介绍10个高级的SQL查询方法,希望对大家解决编程问题提供一定的参考价值,需要的开发者们随着小编来一起学习吧!
大家好,SQL 是管理和分析关系数据库的基本工具。掌握基本的SQL命令能够完成简单的数据查询和操作,但是如果想从数据中提取更有价值的信息,数据分析工作者应该深入学习和掌握高级的SQL技巧。
1.窗口函数
窗口函数是指在SQL查询中对一组相关行进行聚合或运算操作的函数。窗口函数可以在不改变基本表的情况下,为查询结果添加额外的计算列。例如,使用SUM()
函数与OVER()
子句计算销售额的运行总和。
SELECT date, sales,SUM(sales) OVER (ORDER BY date) AS running_total
FROM sales_data;
2.公共表表达式(CTEs)
CTE(Common Table Expressions,公共表表达式)是一种在SQL查询中创建临时结果集的方法,可以被多次引用,提高查询的可读性和可维护性。以下是如何使用CTE计算每个产品类别的总收入的示例:
WITH category_revenue AS (SELECT category, SUM(revenue) AS total_revenueFROM salesGROUP BY category
)
SELECT * FROM category_revenue;
3.递归查询
递归查询能够帮助分析师遍历层次化数据结构,如组织图或物料清单。假设这里有一个表示员工关系的表,想查找某个经理的所有下属:
WITH RECURSIVE subordinates AS (SELECT employee_id, name, manager_idFROM employeesWHERE manager_id = 'manager_id_of_interest'UNION ALLSELECT e.employee_id, e.name, e.manager_idFROM employees eJOIN subordinates s ON e.manager_id = s.employee_id
)
SELECT * FROM subordinates;
4.透视表
透视表将行转换为列,以表格形式汇总数据。例如,有一个包含销售数据的表格,想通过数据透视来显示每个产品在不同月份的总销售额:
SELECT *
FROM (SELECT product, month, salesFROM sales_data
) AS source_table
PIVOT (SUM(sales)FOR month IN ('Jan', 'Feb', 'Mar', 'Apr', 'May')
) AS pivot_table;
5.分析函数
分析函数根据一组记录计算汇总值。例如,可以使用 ROW_NUMBER() 函数为数据集中的每条记录分配唯一的行号。
SELECT customer_id, order_id,ROW_NUMBER() OVER (PARTITION BY customer_id ORDER BY order_date) AS order_rank
FROM orders;
6.解透视
解透视是透视操作的反向操作,解透视是将一张表中的列转换为行,而透视是将行转换为列。例如,有一个按月汇总销售数据的表格,想取消透视以分析随时间变化的趋势。
SELECT product, month, sales
FROM (SELECT 'Jan' AS month, product, sales_jan AS sales FROM sales_dataUNION ALLSELECT 'Feb' AS month, product, sales_feb AS sales FROM sales_dataUNION ALLSELECT 'Mar' AS month, product, sales_mar AS sales FROM sales_data
) AS unpivoted_sales;
7.条件聚合
条件聚合是指根据指定条件应用条件聚合函数。例如,如果想计算老客户订单的平均销售额:
SELECT customer_id, AVG(CASE WHEN order_count > 1 THEN order_total ELSE NULL END) AS avg_sales_repeat_customers
FROM (SELECT customer_id, COUNT(*) AS order_count, SUM(order_total) AS order_totalFROM ordersGROUP BY customer_id
) AS customer_orders;
8.日期函数
SQL中的日期函数支持操纵和提取与日期相关的信息。例如,可以使用DATE_TRUNC()函数按月对销售数据进行分组。
SELECT DATE_TRUNC('month', order_date) AS month, SUM(sales_amount) AS total_sales
FROM sales
GROUP BY DATE_TRUNC('month', order_date);
9.合并语句
合并语句(也称为 UPSERT 或 ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE)可让分析师根据与源表的连接结果在目标表中插入、更新或删除记录。以下是同步两个包含客户数据表的示例:
MERGE INTO target_table AS t
USING source_table AS s
ON t.customer_id = s.customer_id
WHEN MATCHED THENUPDATE SET t.name = s.name, t.email = s.email
WHEN NOT MATCHED THENINSERT (customer_id, name, email) VALUES (s.customer_id, s.name, s.email);
10.情况语句
情况语句支持在SQL查询中应用条件逻辑。例如,使用情况语句根据客户的总购买金额对其进行分类。
SELECT customer_id,CASEWHEN total_purchase_amount >= 1000 THEN 'Platinum'WHEN total_purchase_amount >= 500 THEN 'Gold'ELSE 'Silver'END AS customer_category
FROM (SELECT customer_id, SUM(order_total) AS total_purchase_amountFROM ordersGROUP BY customer_id
) AS customer_purchases;
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