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Get和Post各种编码方式和获取参数的问题
做后端开发,会跟各种请求打交道,Get或者Post甚至其他,而就Get和Post不同的编码方式和content-type提交也有许多的不同,在开发过程中,经常遇到参数接收不到的问题,无论是原生servlet还是springboot框架,都有到过这种问题。这篇文中就这些问题,通过分析,希望能让自己能更进一步的了解HTTP请求和参数接收相关的原理。
Get请求
Get请求比较简单,请求的参数为[key=value],通过&
连接起来,一般被称为查询字符串(Query String),例如:http://127.0.0.1/test?name=strive&age=23
,参数为:name=strive&age=23
.
GET /get?name=strive HTTP/1.1
Host: localhost:8080
Connection: keep-alive
Upgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/77.0.3865.120 Safari/537.36
Sec-Fetch-Mode: navigate
Sec-Fetch-User: ?1
Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3
Sec-Fetch-Site: same-origin
Referer: http://localhost:8080/getAndPostIndex
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate, br
其实我们只需要看/get?name=strive
即查询参数,GET请求参数是被存放在QueryString
中的,这种在我们后台是可以通过request.getParameter()
获取请求参数的。
POST请求
下面我们来看POST请求,POST请求的方式比Get复杂,它参数的存放位置是和Content-Type
有关系的,具体有什么关系,继续往下看。
Content-Type为application/x-www-form-urlencoded
POST /postUrl HTTP/1.1
Host: localhost:8080
Connection: keep-alive
Content-Length: 11
Cache-Control: max-age=0
Origin: http://localhost:8080
Upgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/77.0.3865.120 Safari/537.36
Sec-Fetch-Mode: navigate
Sec-Fetch-User: ?1
Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3
Sec-Fetch-Site: same-origin
Referer: http://localhost:8080/getAndPostIndex
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate, br
Accept-Language: zh-CN,zh;q=0.9,ko;q=0.8,en;q=0.7
Form Data
name=strive
这种方式提交的参数放在了以[key=value]
方式存在了请求体中,这种在我们后台是也是可以通过request.getParameter()
获取请求参数的。
Content-Type为multipart/form-data
POST /postFileUpload HTTP/1.1
Host: localhost:8080
Connection: keep-alive
Content-Length: 3768
Cache-Control: max-age=0
Origin: http://localhost:8080
Upgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1
#Content-Type为multipart/form-data
Content-Type: multipart/form-data; boundary=----WebKitFormBoundary6A2xLxBKaSvqBvDd
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/77.0.3865.120 Safari/537.36
Sec-Fetch-Mode: navigate
Sec-Fetch-User: ?1
Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3
Sec-Fetch-Site: same-origin
Referer: http://localhost:8080/getAndPostIndex
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate, br
Accept-Language: zh-CN,zh;q=0.9,ko;q=0.8,en;q=0.7
#Request的请求体
Request Payload
------WebKitFormBoundary6A2xLxBKaSvqBvDd
Content-Disposition: form-data; name="file"; filename="Baidu.cer"
Content-Type: application/x-x509-ca-cert
#这里省略了文件的数据
------WebKitFormBoundary6A2xLxBKaSvqBvDd
Content-Disposition: form-data; name="name"
strive
------WebKitFormBoundary6A2xLxBKaSvqBvDd--
在Content-Type: multipart/form-data
时,而且POST提交的参数存放在了Request Payload
,这种请求参数没办法通过request.getParameter()
获取请求参数的。
Content-Type为application/json
POST /postJson HTTP/1.1
Host: localhost:8080
Connection: keep-alive
Content-Length: 13
Accept: */*
Origin: http://localhost:8080
X-Requested-With: XMLHttpRequest
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/77.0.3865.120 Safari/537.36
Sec-Fetch-Mode: cors
Content-Type: application/json
Sec-Fetch-Site: same-origin
Referer: http://localhost:8080/getAndPostIndex
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate, br
Accept-Language: zh-CN,zh;q=0.9,ko;q=0.8,en;q=0.7
#Request的请求体
Request Payload
{name:strive}
在Content-Type: application/json
时,而且POST提交的参数存放在了Request Payload
,这种请求参数没办法通过request.getParameter()
获取请求参数的。
Content-Type为text/plain
POST /postPlain HTTP/1.1
Host: localhost:8080
Connection: keep-alive
Content-Length: 13
Cache-Control: max-age=0
Origin: http://localhost:8080
Upgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1
Content-Type: text/plain
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/77.0.3865.120 Safari/537.36
Sec-Fetch-Mode: navigate
Sec-Fetch-User: ?1
Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3
Sec-Fetch-Site: same-origin
Referer: http://localhost:8080/getAndPostIndex
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate, br
Accept-Language: zh-CN,zh;q=0.9,ko;q=0.8,en;q=0.7
#Request的请求体
Request Payload
name=strive
在Content-Type: text/plain
时,而且POST提交的参数存放在了Request Payload
,这种请求参数没办法通过request.getParameter()
获取请求参数的。
POST请求的问题
从上面的几个请求的报文的例子中我们可以找到一些规律,以application/x-www-form-urlencoded
作POST提交的数据,后台是可以通过request.getParameter()
获取请求参数的。而multipart/form-data
,application/json
和text/plain
作POST提交数据时,后台没法通过request.getParameter()
获取请求参数的。application/x-www-form-urlencoded
的参数放在了名为Form Data
的请求体中,而其他的则放在了名为Request Payload
的请求体中。那是什么原因了?
解析请求参数的实现源码org.apache.catalina.connector.Request#parseParameters
如下:
protected void parseParameters() {this.parametersParsed = true;Parameters parameters = this.coyoteRequest.getParameters();boolean success = false;try {parameters.setLimit(this.getConnector().getMaxParameterCount());Charset charset = this.getCharset();boolean useBodyEncodingForURI = this.connector.getUseBodyEncodingForURI();parameters.setCharset(charset);if (useBodyEncodingForURI) {parameters.setQueryStringCharset(charset);}parameters.handleQueryParameters();if (this.usingInputStream || this.usingReader) {success = true;return;}//获取请求的contentTypeString contentType = this.getContentType();if (contentType == null) {contentType = "";}int semicolon = contentType.indexOf(59);if (semicolon >= 0) {contentType = contentType.substring(0, semicolon).trim();} else {contentType = contentType.trim();}//处理文件上传if ("multipart/form-data".equals(contentType)) {this.parseParts(false);success = true;return;}if (!this.getConnector().isParseBodyMethod(this.getMethod())) {success = true;return;}if ("application/x-www-form-urlencoded".equals(contentType)) {//如果是这种contenttype则解析int len = this.getContentLength();if (len <= 0) {if ("chunked".equalsIgnoreCase(this.coyoteRequest.getHeader("transfer-encoding"))) {Object var21 = null;Context context;byte[] formData;try {formData = this.readChunkedPostBody();} catch (IllegalStateException var17) {parameters.setParseFailedReason(FailReason.POST_TOO_LARGE);context = this.getContext();if (context != null && context.getLogger().isDebugEnabled()) {context.getLogger().debug(sm.getString("coyoteRequest.parseParameters"), var17);}return;} catch (IOException var18) {parameters.setParseFailedReason(FailReason.CLIENT_DISCONNECT);context = this.getContext();if (context != null && context.getLogger().isDebugEnabled()) {context.getLogger().debug(sm.getString("coyoteRequest.parseParameters"), var18);}return;}if (formData != null) {parameters.processParameters(formData, 0, formData.length);}}} else {int maxPostSize = this.connector.getMaxPostSize();Context context;if (maxPostSize >= 0 && len > maxPostSize) {context = this.getContext();if (context != null && context.getLogger().isDebugEnabled()) {context.getLogger().debug(sm.getString("coyoteRequest.postTooLarge"));}this.checkSwallowInput();parameters.setParseFailedReason(FailReason.POST_TOO_LARGE);return;}context = null;byte[] formData;if (len < 8192) {if (this.postData == null) {this.postData = new byte[8192];}formData = this.postData;} else {formData = new byte[len];}try {if (this.readPostBody(formData, len) != len) {parameters.setParseFailedReason(FailReason.REQUEST_BODY_INCOMPLETE);return;}} catch (IOException var19) {Context context = this.getContext();if (context != null && context.getLogger().isDebugEnabled()) {context.getLogger().debug(sm.getString("coyoteRequest.parseParameters"), var19);}parameters.setParseFailedReason(FailReason.CLIENT_DISCONNECT);return;}// 处理POST请求参数,把它放到requestparameter map中(即request.getParameterMap获取到的Map,request.getParameter(name)也是从这个Map中获取的)parameters.processParameters(formData, 0, len);}success = true;return;}success = true;} finally {if (!success) {parameters.setParseFailedReason(FailReason.UNKNOWN);}}}
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