2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试管理类专业学位联考英语（二）试题

2019年考研英语二真题

SectionⅠ Use of English

Directions:
　　Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A],[B], [C] or [D] on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
　　Weighing yourself regularly is a wonderful way to stay aware of any significant weight fluctuations. 1 , when done too often, this habit can sometimes hurt more than it 2 .
　　As for me, weighing myself every day caused me to shift my focus from being generally healthy and physically active to focusing 3 on the scale. That was bad to my overall fitness goals. I had gained weight in the form of muscle mass, but thinking only of 4 the number on the scale, I altered my training program. That conflicted with how I needed to train to 5 my goals.
　　I also found that weighing myself daily did not provide an accurate 6 of the hard work and progress I was making in the gym. It takes about three weeks to a month to notice any significant changes in weight 7 altering your training program. The most 8 changes will be observed in skill level, strength and inches lost.
　　For these 9 , I stopped weighing myself every day and switched to a bimonthly weighing schedule 10 . Since weight loss is not my goal, it is less important for me to 11 my weight each week. Weighing every other week allows me to observe and 12 any significant weight changes. That tells me whether I need to 13 my training program.
　　I use my bimonthly weigh-in 14 to get information about my nutrition as well. If my training intensity remains the same, but I’m constantly 15 and dropping weight, this is a 16 that I need to increase my daily caloric intake.
　　The 17 to stop weighing myself every day has done wonders for my overall health, fitness and well-being. I’m experiencing increased zeal for working out since I no longer carry the burden of a 18 morning weigh-in. I’ve also experienced greater success in achieving my specific fitness goals, 19 I’m training according to those goals, not the numbers on a scale.
　　Rather than 20 over the scale, turn your focus to how you look, feel, how your clothes fit and your overall energy level.

1.[A] Besides [B] Therefore [C] Otherwise [D] However
2. [A] helps [B] cares [C] warns [D] reduces
3. [A] initially [B] solely [C] occasionally [D] formally
4. [A] recording [B] lowering [C] explaining [D] accepting
5. [A] modify [B] set [C] review [D] reach
6. [A] definition [B] depiction [C] distribution [D] prediction
7. [A] due to [B] regardless of [C] aside from [D] along with
8. [A] orderly [B] rigid [C] precise [D] immediate
9. [A] claims [B] judgments [C] reasons [D] methods
10. [A] instead [B] though [C] again [D] indeed
11. [A] report [B] share [C] share [D] share
12. [A] depend on [B] approve of [C] hold onto [D] account for
13. [A] prepare [B] adjust [C] confirm [D] prepare
14. [A] results [B] features [C] rules [D] tests
15. [A] bored [B] anxious [C] hungry [D] sick
16. [A] principle [B] secret [C] belief [D] sign
17. [A] request [B] necessity [C] decision [D] wish
18. [A] disappointing [B] surprising [C] restricting [D] consuming
19. [A] if because [B] unless [C] until [D] consuming
20. [A] obsessing [B] dominating [C] puzzling [D] triumphing

Section II Reading Comprehension

Part A
Directions:
　　Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A],[B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)

Text 1

Unlike so-called basic emotions such as sadness, fear, and anger, guilt emerges a little later, in conjunction with a child’s growing grasp of social and moral norms. Children aren’t born knowing how to say “I’m sorry”; rather, they learn over time that such statements appease parents and friends – and their own consciences. This is why researchers generally regard so-called moral guilt, in the right amount, to be a good thing.
　　In the popular imagination, of course, guilt still gets a bad rap. It is deeply uncomfortable – it’s the emotional equivalent of wearing a jacket weighted with stones. Yet this understanding is outdated. “There has been a kind of revival or a rethinking about what guilt is and what role guilt can serve,” says Amrisha Vaish, a psychology researcher at the University of Virginia, adding that this revival is part of a larger recognition that emotions aren’t binary --feelings that may be advantageous in one context may be harmful in another. Jealousy and anger, for example, may have evolved to alert us to important inequalities. Too much happiness can be destructive.
　　And guilt, by prompting us to think more deeply about our goodness, can encourage humans to make up for errors and fix relationships. Guilt, in other words, can help hold a cooperative species together. It is a kind of social glue.
　　Viewed in this light, guilt is an opportunity. Work by Tina Malti, a psychology professor at the University of Toronto, suggests that guilt may compensate for an emotional deficiency. In a number of studies, Malti and others have shown that guilt and sympathy may represent different pathways to cooperation and sharing Some Kids who are low in sympathy may make up for that shortfall by experiencing more guilt, which can rein in their nastier impulses. And vice versa: High sympathy can substitute for low guilt.
　　In a 2014 study, for example, Malti looked at 244 children Using caregiver assessments and the children’s self-observations, she rated each child’s overall sympathy level and his or her tendency to feel negative emotions after moral transgressions. Then the kids were handed chocolate coins, and given a chance to shared them with an anonymous child. For the low-sympathy kids, how much they shared appeared to turn on how inclined they were to feel guilty. The guilt-prone ones shared more, even though they hadn’t magically become more sympathetic to the other child’s deprivation.
　　“ That’s good news,” Malti says. “ We can be prosocial because we caused harm and we feel regret,”

21——细节信息题

21.Researchers think that guilt can be a good thing because it may help_______.
[A] regulate a child’s basic emotions [B] improve a child’s intellectual ability
[C] intensify a child’s positive feelings[D] foster a child’s moral development

21.「试题类型」细节信息题「答案」D
「题目概览」根据题干关键词 Researchers（(研究人员） ,guilt(内疚) ,a good thing (一件好事）可以定位到第一段最后一句。正确答案为[D]。
「选项解析」
[A]选项属于定位错误。选项中的emotions（情绪）来自原文第一段的第一句中，因此错误。
[B]选项属于无中生有。选项中的 intellectual ability（智力）在原文并未提及，因此错误。
[C]选项属于无中生有。选项中的positive feelings（积极情绪）在原文并未提及，因此错误。
[D]选项正确。选项中的moral（道德的）为原文第一段最后一句的原词照搬，因此正确。

22——细节信息题

22.According to Paragraph 2, many people still consider guilt to be________.
[A] deceptive [B] burdensome
[C] addictive [D] inexcusable

22.「试题类型」细节信息题「答案」C
「题目概览」根据题干关键词many people (许多人) ,guilt（愧疚）可以定位到第二段前两句，其中第二句中的 wearing a jacket weighted with stones(穿着一件装着石头的夹克)给出提示。正确答案为[C]。
「选项解析」
[A]选项错误。选项deceptive（欺骗的）与原文 wearing a jacket weighted with stones（穿着一件装着石头的夹克）的意思不相符，因此错误。
[B]选项错误。选项addictive (上瘾的）与原文wearing a jacket weighted with stones（穿着一件装着石头的夹克）的意思不相符，因此错误。
[C]选项正确。选项burdensome（繁重的）与原文wearing a jacket weighted with stones（穿着一件装着石头的夹克）为同意替换，因此正确。
[D]选项错误。选项inexcusable（不可原谅的）与原文wearing a jacket weighted withstones（穿着一件装着石头的夹克）的意思不相符，因此错误。

23——细节信息题

23.Vaish holds that the rethinking about guilt comes from an awareness that________.
[A] emotions are context-independent [B] emotions are socially constructive
[C] emotional stability can benefit health [D] an emotion can play opposing roles

23.「试题类型」细节信息题「答案」A
「题目概览」根据题干关键词Vaish，rethinking（重新思考)，guilt（内疚），awareness(认识）可以定位到第二段第四句。正确答案为[A]。
「选项解析」
[A]选项正确。选项中的opposing roles（相反的作用）为原文advantageous（有利的）和 harmful（有害的）的概括表达，因此正确。
[B]选项属于曲解文意。选项中的干扰源 constructive（建设性的）来自原文的destructive（毁灭性的），两者意思不同，因此错误。
[C]选项属于无中生有。选项中的 health（健康）在原文并未提及，因此错误。[D]选项属于反向干扰。选项中的context-independent（与情境无关的）与原文
advantageous in one context(一种情境下有利的）；harmful in another（另一种情境下有害的）的表述相反，因此错误。

24——细节信息题

24.Malti and others have shown that cooperation and sharing_______.
[A] may help correct emotional deficiencies [B] can result form either sympathy or guilt
[C] can bring about emotional satisfaction [D] may be the outcome of impulsive acts

24。「试题类型」细节信息题「答案」C
「题目概览」根据题干关键词Malti，shown(表明)cooperation and sharing (合作和分享)可以定位到第四段第三句。正确答案为[C]。
「选项解析」
[A]选项属于曲解文意。选项中的emotional deficiencies（情绪缺陷）会被误认为是low sympathy（同情心较低），high sympathy(同情心较高）的概述，显然两者并不属于同一范畴，因此错误。
[B]选项属于无中生有。选项中的emotional satisfaction（情感上的满足）在原文并未提及，因此错误。
[C]选项正确。选项中的sympathy or guilt（同情或内疚）为原文的原词照搬，选项中的result from（源自于）为原文to (达到）的反向同意表达，因此正确。
[D]选项属于定位错误。选项中的impulsive acts（冲动行为）干扰源来自该段倒数第二句中的impulses（冲动），因此错误。

25——词义题

25.The word “transgressions”(Line 4, Para. 5) is closest in meaning to_______.
[A] teachings [B] discussions
[C] restrictions [D] wrongdoings

25.「试题类型」词义题「答案」A
「题目概览」根据题干关键词可以定位到第五段第二句，其中的negative emotions（负面情绪）给出了一些线索。正确答案为[A]。
「选项解析」
[A]选项正确。选项中的wrongdoings（坏事）和原文negative emotions（负面情绪）的情感方向一致，因此正确。
[B]选项错误。选项中的 discussions（讨论）与原文表述并不相关，因此错误。
[C]选项错误。选项中的restrictions（限制）与原文表述并不相关，因此错误。
[D]选项错误。选项中的 teachings（教导）与原文表述并不相关，因此错误。

Text 2

Forests give us shade, quiet and one of the harder challenges in the fight against climate change. Even as we humans count on forests to soak up a good share of the carbon dioxide we produce, we are threatening their ability to do so. The climate change we are hastening could one day leave us with forests that emit more carbon than they absorb.
　　Thankfully, there is a way out of this trap-but it involves striking a subtle balance. Helping forests flourish as valuable “carbon sinks” long into the future may require reducing their capacity to sequester carbon now. California is leading the way, as it does on so many climate efforts, in figuring out the details.
　　The state’s proposed Forest Carbon Plan aims to double efforts to thin out young trees and clear brush in parts of the forest, including by controlled burning. This temporarily lowers carbon-carrying capacity. But the remaining trees draw a greater share of the available moisture, so they grow and thrive, restoring the forest’s capacity to pull carbon from the air. Healthy trees are also better able to fend off insects. The landscape is rendered less easily burnable. Even in the event of a fire, fewer trees are consumed.
　　The need for such planning is increasingly urgent. Already, since 2010, drought and insects have killed over 100 million trees in California, most of them in 2016 alone, and wildfires have burned hundreds of thousands of acres.
　　California’s plans treat 35,000 acres of forest a year by 2020, and 60,000 by 2030 -financed from the proceeds of the state’s emissions-permit auctions. That’s only a small share of the total acreage that could benefit, about half a million acres in all, so it will be vital to prioritize areas at greatest risk of fire or drought.
The strategy also aims to ensure that carbon in woody material removed from the forests is locked away in the form of solid lumber or burned as biofuel in vehicles that would otherwise run on fossil fuels. New research on transportation biofuels is already under way.
State governments are well accustomed to managing forests, but traditionally they’ve focused on wildlife, watersheds and opportunities for recreation. Only recently have they come to see the vital part forests will have to play in storing carbon. Califormia’s plan, which is expected to be finalized by the governor next year, should serve as a model.

26——细节信息题

26.By saying “one of the harder challenges,” the author implies that________.
[A] global climate change may get out of control
[B] people may misunderstand global warming
[C] extreme weather conditions may arise
[D] forests may become a potential threat

26.「试题类型」细节信息题「答案」A
「题目概览」根据题干关键词one of the harder challenges (一个更困难的挑战）可以定位到第一段第三句。正确答案为[A]。
「选项解析」
[A]选项正确。选项中的forests（森林）出现在第三句，a potential threat(潜在的威胁）可以看做是对原文emit more carbon than they absorb（相比于吸收的碳来说，释放的更多）的概述，因此正确。
[B]选项属于无中生有。选项中的global warming(天气情况）在原文并未提及，因此错误。
[C]选项属于无中生有。选项中的weather conditions（天气情况）在原文并未提及，因此错误。
[D]选项属于曲解文意。选项中的climate change(气候变化）出现在第三句，但是getout of control（失控）与原文中的hastening (加速）并不等同，因此错误。

27——细节信息题

27.To maintain forests as valuable “carbon sinks,” we may need to_______.
[A] preserve the diversity of species in them
[B] accelerate the growth of young trees
[C] strike a balance among different plants
[D] lower their present carbon-absorbing capacity

27.「试题类型」细节信息题「答案」A
「题目概览」根据题干关键词forests(森林）,carbon sinks（碳汇）可以定位到第二段第二句。正确答案为[A]。
「选项解析」
[A]选项正确。选项中的carbon（碳)，capacity（能力）为原文的原词照搬，选项中的 lower（降低）同意替换原文的reducing（减少），因此正确。
[B]选项属于偷梁换柱。选项中的干扰源strike a balance（寻求平衡）为第二段第一句的原词照搬，但对象different plants（不同的植物）错误。
[C]选项属于无中生有。选项中的growth of young trees（幼树的生长）在原文并未提及，因此错误。
[D]选项属于无中生有。选项中的diversity of species(物种的多样性）在原文并未提及，因此错误。

28——细节信息题

28.California’s Forest Carbon Plan endeavors to________ .
[A] cultivate more drought-resistant trees
[B] reduce the density of some of its forests
[C] find more effective ways to kill insects
[D] restore its forests quickly after wildfires

「答案」C
「题目概览」根据题干关键词California’s Forest Carbon Plan（加州的森林碳排放计划),endeavor（致力）可以定位到第三段第一句。正确答案为[C]。
「选项解析」
[A]选项属于无中生有。选项中的rought-resistant trees(抗旱树木）在原文并未提及，因此错误。
[B]选项属于定位错误。选项中的insects（昆虫）出现在第三段第四句，选项中的kill（消灭)与原文fend off(挡开）意思不同，因此错误。
[C]选项正确。选项中的reduce the density (降低密度）同意替换原文中的thin(变稀疏），因此正确。
[D]选项属于定位错误。选项中的 wildfires(野火）出现在第三段第六句，不属于考点句，因此错误。

29——细节信息题

29.What is essential to California’s plan according to Paragraph 5?
[A] To handle the areas in serious danger first.
[B] To carry it out before the year of 2020.
[C] To perfect the emissions-permit auctions.
[D] To obtain enough financial support.

「答案」B
「题目概览」根据题干关键词essential(重要的)，California’s plan(加州的计划）可以定位到第五段第二句。正确答案为[B]。
「选项解析」
[A]选项属于定位错误。选项中的2020出现在第五段第一句，不属于考点句，因此错误。
[B]选项正确。选项中的first（首先）替换原文中的prioritize（优先），选项中的 areas inserious danger（严重危险的区域）同意替换原文中的areas at greatest risk of fire or drought(最容易发生火灾或干旱的地区），因此正确。
[C]选项属于定位错误。选项中的emissions-permit auctions（排污许可证拍卖）出现在第五段第一句，不属于考点句，因此错误。
[D]选项属于偷梁换柱。选项中的干扰源financial(财政的）来自原文的 financed(提供资金），因此错误。

30——态度题——秒杀——小墓碑，不要选

30.The author’s attitude to California’s plan can best be described as________.
[A] ambiguous 　[B] tolerant 　[C] supportive [D] cautious

「答案」D
「题目概览」根据题干可以定位到第七段第三句。正确答案为[D]。
「选项解析」
[A]选项错误。选项中的ambiguous（模棱两可的）属于干扰选项。
[B]选项错误。选项中的tolerant（容忍的）与原文最后一句中的model(模板）情感态度并不相关，因此错误。
[C]选项错误。选项中的cautious（谨慎的）与原文最后一句中的model（模板）情感态度并不相关，因此错误。
[D]选项正确。选项中的supportive（支持的）与原文最后一句中的model（模板）情感态度一致，因此正确。
【态度题
$⟹$ 判断标志：attitude（态度），consider（认为），tone（语气），seem（似乎） ，deem（似乎）
$⟹$ 排除错误选项：牢记“小墓碑”
$⟹$ 小墓碑，不要选：
（1）不关心/不好奇心=不感兴趣：
uninterested（不感兴趣的），unconcerned（不关心的），indifferent（不关心的），detached（不带感情的），carefree（不负责任的）。
（2）不确定/不知所措：
confused （困惑的），puzzled（困惑的），uncertain（不确定的），ambiguous（模棱两可的），
tolerant（容忍的）、indulgent（纵容的），compromising（妥协）。
（3）不客观/主观偏激：
subjective（主观的），biased（偏袒的），partial（偏袒的），prejudice（偏见），contemptuous（蔑视的），scornful（轻蔑的），
enthusiastic（热心的），amazed（赞叹不已），conceited（自负的），permissive（放任的）。
（4）丰富感情：
gloomy（沮丧的），scared（焦虑的），sensitive（理解的），realistic（务实的），practical（明智的），cautious（谨慎的）。】

Text 3

American farmers have been complaining of labor shortages for several years now.Given a multi- year decline in illegal immigration, and a similarly sustained pickup in the U.S. job market, the complaints are unlikely to stop without an overhaul of immigration rules for farm workers.
　　Efforts to crate a more straightforward agricultural-workers visa that would enable foreign workers to stay longer in the U.S. and change jobs within the industry have so far failed in Congress.If this doesn’t change.American businesses.communities and consumers will be the losers.
　　Perhaps half of U.S. farm laborers are undocumented immigrants. As fewer such workers enter the U.S., the characteristics of the agricultural workforce are changing. Today’s farm laborers, while still predominantly born in Mexico, are more likely to be settled, rather than migrating, and more likely to be married than single. They are also aging. At the start of this century, about one-third of crop workers were over the age of 35. Now, more than half are. And crop picking is hard on older bodies. One oft-debated cure for this labor shortage remains as implausible as it has been all along: Native U.S. workers won’t be returning to the farm.
　　Mechanization is not the answer either—not yet at least. Production of com,cotton, rice, soybeans and wheat has been largely mechanized, but many high-value, labor-intensive crops, such as strawberries, need labor. Even dairy farms,where robots do a small share of milking, have a long way to go before they are automated.
　　As a result, farms have grown increasingly reliant on temporary guest workers using the H-2A visa to fill the gaps in the agricultural workforce. Starting around 2012, requests for the visas rose sharply; from 2011 to 2016 the number of visas issued more than doubled.
The H-2A visa has no numerical cap, unlike the H-2B visa for nonagricultural work, which is limited to 66,000 annually.Even so,employers frequently complain they aren’t allotted all the workers they need.The process is cumbersome,expensive,and unreliable. One survey found that bureaucratic delays led H-2A worker to arrive on the job an average of 22 days late. And the shortage is compounded by federal immigration raids, which remove some workers and drive others underground.
In a 2012 survey, 71 percent of tree-fruit growers and nearly 80 percent of raisin and berry growers said they were short of labor. Some western growers have responded by moving operations to Mexico. From 1998-2000, 14.5 percent of the fruit Americans consumed was imported. Little more than a decade later, the share of imported fruit had increased to 25.8 percent.
In effect, the U.S. can import food or it can import the workers who pick it.

31——细节综合题

31.What problem should be addressed according to the first two paragraphs?
[A] Discrimination against foreign workers in the U.S.
[B] Biased laws in favor of some American businesses.
[C] Flaws in U.S. immigration rules for farm workers.
[D] Decline of job opportunities in U.S. agriculture.

「答案」C
「题目概览」第一段第二句为这两段的主旨句，第二段为支持句具体解释。正确答案为[C]。
「选项解析」
[A]选项属于无中生有，并未提及歧视问题。
[B]选项属于偷梁换柱。两段均有提到法律问题，但并未提及法律偏见问题对美国企业的影响。
[C]选项正确。由第一段第二句The complaints are unlikely to stop without an overhaul ofimmigration rules for farm workers.（如果不对农场工人的移民规则进行彻底改革，这些投诉就不会停止。）可知，其中 complaints（抱怨）指第一句中劳动力短缺现象。
[D]选项属于反向干扰。由第一段第一句可知现状是劳动力短缺而不是就业机会下降。

32——细节信息题——反向干扰，张冠李戴，无中生有

32.One trouble with U.S. agricultural workforce is________.
[A] the rising number of illegal immigrants [B] the high mobility of crop workers
[C] the lack of experienced laborers [D] the aging of immigrant farm workers

「答案」D
「题目概览」根据题干关键词trouble(问题), U.S. agricultural workforce（美国农业劳动力)可以定位到第三段。正确答案为[D]。
「选项解析」
[A]选项属于反向干扰。第二句说非法移民在减少。
[B]选项属于张冠李戴。并非题干中的劳动力问题。
[C]选项属于无中生有。并未提及劳动者经验是否丰富问题。
[D]选项正确。第四句They are also aging.（他们也在衰老。)中 they指代前文中的laborers（劳动者）即题干中关键词workforce(劳动力）的替换词。

33——细节信息题——范围不符，定位错误，无中生有

33.What is the much-argued solution to the labor shortage in U.S. farming?
[A] To attract younger laborers to farm work.
[B] To get native U.S. workers back to farming.
[C] To use more robots to grow high-value crops.
[D] To strengthen financial support for farmers.

「答案」B
「题目概览」根据题干关键词much-argued solution(备受争议的解决方案）可以定位到第三段最后一句。正确答案为[B]。
「选项解析」
[A]选项属于范围不符，只提到本土工人并未针对具体年轻劳动者。
[B]选项正确。题干中的定位词则是定位句中oft-debated cure（(经常辩论的治疗方法)的替换词。
[C]选项属于定位错误，机器人问题出现在下文，不在定位句中。
[D]选项属于无中生有。并未提及财政支持问题。

34——细节信息题——无中生有，张冠李戴，反向干扰

34.Agricultural employers complain about the H-2A visa for its________.
[A] slow granting procedures [B] limit on duration of stay
[C] tightened requirements [D] control of annual admissions

「答案」A
「题目概览」根据题干关键词complain about the H-2A visa(抱怨H-2A签证)可以定位到第六段第三句。正确答案为[A]。
「选项解析」
[A]选项正确。又第六段第二句和第三句可知缓慢的授予程序导致农民抱怨无法获得所需劳动力。
[B]选项属于无中生有。只提到官员拖延的时间而未提限制逗留时间。
[C]选项属于张冠李戴。有限制要求是H-2B而不是H-2A。
[D]选项属于反向干扰。签证申请和签发的签证数量均增加了。

35——主旨题

35.Which of the following could be the best title for this text?
[A] U.S. Agriculture in Decline? [B] Import Food or Labor?
[C] America Saved by Mexico? [D] Manpower vs. Automation?
「题目概览」根据全文前六段探讨美国农业劳动力问题，后两段介绍农作物进口问题可概括主旨。正确答案为[B]。
「选项解析」
[A]选项属于程度不符。美国农业劳动力有问题但目前并未到美国农业下滑程度。
[B]选项正确。概括包含了全文的两部分内容。
[C]选项属于以偏概全。这只是在讨论进口问题时提及到的一种解决措施。
[D]选项属于以偏概全。人力和自动化同属于前部分劳动力问题。

【主旨题
$⟹$ 判断标志：subject（主题），summarizes（总结），main ideal（主旨），mainly about（主要关于），mainly discuss（主要讨论），appropriate title（合适标题），the best title（最佳标题） ， a suitable title（合适标题）
$⟹$ 解题方法：串线摘帽$⟹$将文章各个自然段的段首段尾句摘出连成一个完整的意思，即是文章的中心
$⟹$ 正确选项：approach（方法），concept（观念），opportunity（机会），various（不同的），general（普遍的），necessity（必要性），importance（重要的）】

Text 4

Arnold Schwarzenegger, Dia Mirza and Adrian Grenier have a message for you: It’s easy to beat plastic. They’re part of a bunch of celebrities staring in a new video for World Environment Day—encouraging you, the consumer, to swap out your single-use plastic staples like straws and cutlery to combat the plastic crisis.
The key messages that have been put together for World Environment Day do include a call for governments to enact legislation to curb single-us plastics. But the overarching message is directed at individuals.
　　My concern with leaving it up to the individual, however, is our limited sense of what needs to be achieved. On their own, taking our own bags to the grocery store or quitting plastic straws, for example, will accomplish little and require very little of us. They could even be detrimental, satisfying a need to have “done our bit” without ever progressing onto bigger, bolder, more effective actions — a kind of “moral licensing” that allays our concerns and stops us doing more and asking more of those in charge.
　　While the conversation around our environment and our responsibility toward it remains centered on shopping bags and straws, we’re ignoring the balance of power that implies that as “consumers” we must shop sustainably, rather than as “citizens” hold our governments and industries to account to push for real systemic change.
　　It’s important to acknowledge that the environment isn’t everyone’s priority - or even most people’s. We shouldn’t expect it to be. In her latest book, Why Good People Do Bad Environmental Things, Wellesley College professor Elizabeth R. DeSombre argues that the best way to collectively change the behavior of large numbers of people is for the change to be structural.
　　This might mean implementing policy such as a plastic tax that adds a cost to environmentally problematic action, or banning single-use plastics altogether. India has just announced it will “eliminate all single-use plastic in the country by 2022.” There are also incentive-based ways of making better environmental choices easier, such as ensuring recycling is at least as easy as trash disposal.
　　DeSombre isn’t saying people should stop caring about the environment. It’s just that individual actions are too slow, she says, for that to be the only, or even primary, approach to changing widespread behavior.
　　None of this is about writing off the individual. It’s just about putting things into perspective. We don’t have time to wait. We need progressive policies that shape collective action (and rein in polluting businesses), alongside engaged citizens pushing for change.

36——细节信息题——无中生有

36.Some celebrities star in a new video to.
[A] demand new laws on the use of plastics [B] urge consumers to cut the use of plastics
[C] invite public opinion on the plastics crisis [D] disc lose the causes of the plastics crisis

「答案」B
「题目概览」根据题干关键词"Some celebrities star in a new video "可以定位到第一段第二句。正确答案为[B]。
「选项解析」
[A]选项属于无中生有。文章中没有提到"the use of plastics”（新的塑料使用法）的问题。
[B]选项正确。第一段第二句提到为了应对塑料危机，消费者们把一次性使用的塑料订书钉换掉，即敦促消费者减少使用塑料。
[C]选项属于无中生有。定位句部分没有提到选项中所提到的“征求公众意见”，属于无中生有。
[D]选项属于无中生有。定位句部分没有提到这么做是“为了揭露原因”，属于无中生有。

37——细节信息题——无中生有

37.The author is concerned that “moral licensing” may
[A] mislead us into doing worthless things
[B] prevent us from making further efforts
[C] weaken our sense of accomplishment
[D] suppress our desire for success

「答案」B
「题目概览」根据题干关键词moral licensing可以定位到第二段最后一句。正确答案为[B]。
「选项解析」
[A]选项属于无中生有。定位句部分并没有提到“mislead us into doingworthless things(误导我们做无价值的事)”。
[B]选项正确。文章中所说的是"stops us doing more(阻止我们做得更多)”和选项中prevent us from making further efforts(阻止我们进一步努力）属于同义替换。
[C]选项属于无中生有。定位句部分并没有提到*our sense of accomplishment（我们的成就感)”。
[D]选项属于无中生有。定位句部分并没有提到“suppress our desire for success（抑制我们成功的欲望）”。

38——人物观点题——无中生有

38.By pointing out our identity as “citizens,”,the author indicates that
[A] our focus should be shifted shifted to community welfare
[B] our relationship with local industries is improving
[C] We have been actively exercising our civil rights
[D] We should press our government to lead the combat

「答案」D
「题目概览」根据题干关键词“citizens,"可以定位到第三段第一句。正确答案为[D]。「选项解析」
[A]选项属于无中生有。定位句部分并没有提到*community welfare（社区福利）”。
[B]选项属于无中生有。定位句部分没有明确提到“our relationship with local industries(我们与当地工业的关系)”是怎样。
[C]选项属于无中生有。定位句部分没有出现“our civil rights(我们的公民权利)”的内容，更涉及不到“行使”的问题。
[D]选项正确。定位句部分说的是"hold our governments and industries to account to push forreal systemic change”(要求我们的政府和行业承担责任，推动真正的制度变革)。和选项中的“press our governments to lead the combat（敦促我们的政府领导这场战斗)”属于同义替换。

39——人物观点题——无中生有

39.DeSombre argues that the best way for a collective change should be.
[A] a win-win arrangement [B] a self-driven mechanism
[C] a cost-effective approach [D] a top down process

「答案」D
「题目概览」根据题干关键词De Sombre和 the best way for a collective change可以定位到第四段最后一句。正确答案为[D]。
「选项解析」
[A]选项属于无中生有。定位句中没有提到关于“win-win（双赢）”的内容。
[B]选项属于无中生有。定位句中没有提到“self-driven（自我驱动）”的相关内容。
[C]选项属于无中生有。定位句中没有提到“cost-effective（成本效益）”。
[D]选项正确，De Sombre在其书中提到“集体改变很多人行为的最好方法是结构上的变化”。与选项属于同义替换。

40——作者态度题

40.The author concludes that individual efforts
[A] can be too aggressive [B] can be too inconsistent
[C] are far from sufficient [D] are far from rational

「答案」B
「题目概览」根据题干可以定位到第六七段。正确答案为[B]。
「选项解析」
[A]选项属于反向干扰。文中提到的是"too slow(太缓慢）”
[B]选项正确。根据第六段的“individual actions are too slow(个人行动太慢)”以及第七段的“We need progressive policies that shape collective action(我们需要形成集体行动的进步政策）”可以看出作者认为个人的努力是很缓慢且远远不够的。
[C]选项属于无中生有，错误。
[D]选项属于无中生有，错误。

Part B

Directions:
Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subtitles from the list A-G for each numbered paragraph(41-45).There are two extra subtitles which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

Five ways to make conversation with anyone
In choosing a new home, Camille McClain’s kids have a single demand: a backyard.
　 McClain’s little ones aren’t the only kids who have an option when it comes to housing, and in many cases youngsters’ views weigh heavily on parents’ real estate decisions, according to a 2018 Harris Poll survey of more than 2000 US adults.
　　While more families buck an older-generation proclivity to leave kids in the dark about real estate decisions, reality agents and psychologists have mixed views about the financial, personal and long-term effects kids’ opinions may have.
　　The idea of involving children in a big decision is a great idea because it can help them feel a sense of control and ownership in what can be an overwhelming process, and Ryan Hooper, a clinical psychologist in Chicago.
　　“Children may face serious difficulties in coping with significant moves, especially if it removes them from their current school or support system,” he said.
　　Greg Jaroszewski, a real estate brokers with Gagliardo Realty Associates, said he’s not convinced that kids should be involved in selecting a home — but their options should be considered to regards to proximity to friends and social activities, if possible.
　　Younger children should feel like they’re choosing their home — without actually getting a choice in the matter, said Adam Bailey, a real estate attorney based in New York.
　　Asking them questions about what they like about the backyard of a potential home will make them feel like they’re being included in the decision-making process, Bailey said.
　　Many of the aspects of home buying aren’t a consideration for children, said Tracey Hampson, a real estate agent based in Santa Clarita, Calif. And placing too much emphasis on their opinions can ruin a fantastic home purchase.
　　“Speaking with your children before you make a real estate decision is wise, but I wouldn’t base the purchasing decision solely on their opinions.” Hampson said.
　　The other issue is that many children - especially older ones - may base their real estate knowledge on HGTV shows, said Aaron Norris of The Norris Group in Riverside , Calif .
　　“They love Chip and Joanna Gaines just as much as the rest of us,” he said. “HGTV has seriously changed how people view real estate. It’s not shelter , it’s a lifestyle. With that mindset change come some serious money consequences.”
　　Kids tend to get stuck in the features and the immediate benefits to them personally, Norris said.
　　Parents need to remind their children that their needs and desires may change over time, said Julie Gurner, a real estate analyst with FitSmallBusiness.com.
　　“Their opinions can change tomorrow,” Gurner said. “Harsh as it may be to say, that decision should likely not be made contingent on a child’s opinions, but rather made for them with great consideration into what home can meet their needs best - and give them an opportunity to customize it a bit and make it their own.”
This advice is more relevant now than ever before, even as more parents want to embrace the ideas of their children, despite the current housing crunch.

Section Ⅲ Translation

46.Directions:
　　Translate the following text into Chinese. Write your translation neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)
　　It is easy to underestimate English writer James Heriot. He had such a pleasant, readable style that one might think that anyone could imitate it. How many times have I heard people say, “I could write a book, I just haven’t the time” Easily said. Not so easily done. James Herriot, contrary to popular opinion, did not find it easy in his early days of, as he put it, “having a go at the writing game”. While he obviously had an abundance of natural talent, the final, polished work that he gave to the world was the result of years of practicing, re-writing and reading. Like the majority of authors, he had to suffer many disappointments and rejections along the way, but these made him all the more determined to succeed. Everything he achieved in life was earned the hard way and his success in the literacy field was no exception.

Section ⅣWriting

Part A

47. Directions:
Suppose you have to cancel your travel plan and will not be able to visit professor Smith, write him an email to
Suppose Professor Smith asked you to plan a debate on the theme of city traffic. Wrote him an email to
　　 1) suggest a specific with your reasons, and
　　 2) tell him about your arrangements.
　　 You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHETE.
　　 Do not use your own name. Use “Li Ming” instead(10 points)

Part B

48. Directions：Write an essay based on the chart below. In your writing, you should
　　 1) interpret the chart,and
　　 2) give your comments
　　 You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET.(15 points)