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【New words and expressions】生词和短语（12）
darkness n. 黑暗
explain v. 解释，叙述
coast n. 海岸
storm n. 暴风雨
towards prep. 向，朝；接近
rock n. 岩石，礁石
shore n. 海岸
light n. 灯光
ahead adv. 在前面
cliff n. 峭壁
struggle v. 挣扎
hospital n. 医院
★darkness n. 黑暗
in the darkness 在黑暗中(在没有光线的情况下)
★explain v. 解释, 叙述
explanation n. 解释
Could you give me an explanation? 能给我一个解释吗? interpret v. 解释, (强调翻译)语言之间的解释
interpreter n. 解释程序，解释者，口译人员，翻译员，讲解员
interpretation n. 解释, 阐明, 口译, 通译
interpretress n. 女翻译员
★coast n. 海岸（地理意义上的海岸, 海岸线等, 感觉旁边是岩石, 很陡峭
seashore n. 海岸（跟游玩有关系, 为了游玩的）
seaside n. 海边
seashore/ seaside 给人的感觉是旁边是沙滩, 可以进行日光浴的感觉
bank n. 河岸，坝，堤（两边比水面高）
★storm n. 暴风雨 (只解释为“风暴”) snowstorm n. 暴风雪
thunderstorm n. [气]雷暴，雷雨rain heavily 表示雨下得很大
pour v. 灌注, 倾泻, 涌入, 流, 倾盆大雨
The rain is pouring. 倾盆大雨
It's raining cats and dogs. 滂沱大雨
★towards prep. 向, 朝, 接近
towards 强调 nearer and nearer（强调越来越近）
★rock n. 岩石, 礁石
rock 表示 huge stone （huge adj 巨大的, 极大的, 无限的）
★ahead adv. 在前面
a 开头的词（asleep，awake，alive，ahead，alight…）往往是表语形容词。不管是作表语形容词，还是
副词，都放在名词的后面，一般形容词放在名词的前面
ahead 的用法：
① 放在被修饰词的后面作定语, 定语后置
light ahead 前方的灯光
② ahead of… 在……前面
He went ahead of me. 他走在我前面
③ go ahead 朝前走；请随便(回答请求时用)
--Would you mind my using your telephone? / Can I use your telephone?
--Ok, go ahead.
--Can I smoke here?
--Go ahead. /Sorry +一个原因(可能是事实, 可能是个借口)
★hospital v. 医院
hospital 前面是否加 the，和它的功能有关系，一旦+the, 只表示地点go to hospital 看 病 ； go to the hospital 去医院（看望病人） in hospital 住院 ； in the hospital 在医院
【Text】
Nearly a week passed before the girl was able to explain what had happened to her. One afternoon she set out from the coast in a small boat and was caught in a storm. Towards evening, the boat struck a rock and the girl jumped into the sea. Then she swam to the shore after spending the whole night in the water. During that time she covered a distance of eight miles. Early next morning, she saw a light ahead. She knew she was near the shore because the light was high up on the cliffs. On arriving at the shore, the girl struggled up the cliff towards the light she had seen. That was all she remembered. When she woke up a day later, she found herself in hospital.
参考译文
几乎过了一个星期, 那姑娘才能讲述自己的遭遇. 一天下午, 她乘小船从海岸出发, 遇上了风暴. 天将黑时, 小船撞在了一块礁石上, 姑娘跳进了海里. 她在海里游了整整一夜才游到岸边. 在那段时间里, 她游了 8 英里. 第二天凌晨, 她看到前方有灯光, 知道自己已经接近岸边了, 因为那灯光是在高高的峭壁上. 到达岸边后, 姑娘朝着她看到的灯光方向挣扎着往峭壁上爬去. 她所记得的就是这些. 第二天她醒来时, 发现自己躺在医院里.
【课文讲解】
1、Nearly a week passed before the girl was able to explain what had happened to her. nearly adv. 将近
nearly a week 快一个星期了
“一段时间以后”句型：
sometime later…
Three days later, my mother returned. （强调某人做某事，简单句) Three days passed and then my mother returned.
并列句, 既强调某人做某事, 又强调时间(有多久)
…passed before…
Three days passed before my mother returned.
强调时间(这么久的时间, 时间状语从句, 后面是从句)
be able to 强调有能力, 且能够成功(还强调成功)；can 只表示能力
I can swim across the river. 我能游过这条河（但没有游过，不知道能不能成功）
I was able to swim across the river.
2、One afternoon she set out from the coast in a small boat and was caught in a storm. set out = set off = begin a journey 出 发
set out from… 从……出发
be caught in+灾难 （突然）遇到/上（风暴等） be caught in a earthquake (earthquake n. 地 震 ) I was caught in a rain. 我遇上了一场雨
As soon as he left, it began to rain.
He was caught in a rain when he left. 他刚一离开, 就下雨了
遇上人用 meet, 遇上灾难用 be caught in…
3、Towards evening, the boat struck a rock and the girl jumped into the sea. towards evening 天越来越晚
strike 强调的往往是猛烈的撞击
4、Then she swam to the shore after spending the whole night in the water.
“to”强调朝那个方向去, 但没有强调越来越近；“towards”朝那个方向去，强调距离越来越近
5、During that time she covered a distance of eight miles.
cover 可笼统地表示“行过（一段路程）”，根据上下文可具体译为“走过、飞过、游过”等。
The bird covered the distance in three minutes.
a distance of+具体长度 多长的距离，表示具体的距离
the red army covered a distance of 25000… 两万五千里长征
6、Early next morning, she saw a light ahead.
a light ahead 前方的一盏灯（ahead 放在被修饰词的后面）
7、On arriving at the shore, the girl struggled up the cliff towards the light she had seen.
“on +动名词”相当于一个由 as soon as＝the moment 或 when 引导的时间状语从句，as soon as＝the moment 后面要加句子，on 后面一定要加动词 ing, 承认动词是由主句主语做的
On reaching the airport, he was arrested by the police.
“…up the cliff towards the…”用两个介词起到动词的作用，up 在此处为介词，表示“沿着……往上”
8、That was all she remembered.
all 作表语，是先行词, she remember 修饰 all 作定语从句, 省略 that That was all I wanted to say. 那就是我想说的全部
That was all I can do for you.＝I can do nothing else for you.
9、When she woke up a day later, she found herself in hospital.
find +宾语+宾补 发现……（宾补可以由形容词或介词短语充当）
find the books tidy 发现书摆放得整齐
I found the books in order.
When I woke up, I found myself in bed.
【Key structures】
表示方向和目的地的介词和副词
① 表示“上、下”的两对小品词是 on 和 off，up 和 down Jim’s standing on the roof. I hope he won’t fall off.
Tom’s climbing up the tree. I hope he won’t fall down.
② 表示“来、去”的一对小品词是 from 和 to；towards（强调越来越近）的意义和 to（强调目标）相
近，表示“朝，向，接近”等；for 在有些动词后面也表示“往，向”的意思
The ball was coming towards me.
The plane flies from Moscow to New York. He went for home.
leave for… 动身到某地（强调离开，出发）
Yesterday my father left for Tianjin. set out for… 动身到某地
He left/ set out for New York yesterday.
head for/to 前往 （强调“去”）
③ 表示“进去，出来”这两种方向的介词为 into（进、入）和 out of（从...出来）；表示“在某个地方”或“在……里面/外面”可用 at（含有一种瞄准的概念，方向性），in，out of 等；表示目的地或位置往往用 at
aim at，fire at(瞄准开火)，throw at，threw to the bank Tell him go into my house.
Did you stop anywhere on your way to the office?
去办公室的路上你在别的地方逗留过吗？
④ 表示“穿过，越过，绕过”等动词时，往往用 through，across，under，over，round 等介词How did you get through the fence? 你怎么穿过篱笆的？
How did you get over the wall?
【Special difficulties】Pass and Past
pass 和past 的区别主要是词义上的区别，pass 是动词，其过去式为 passed，过去分词是 passed 或 past。
当作及物动词用时，可表示“经过，通过（考试），超过”等，作不及物动词用时可表示“（时间等）消逝”。
Your sister passed me in her new car, driving great speed.
I’ve passed/past my French test.
A month has passed/past since I left home.
past 可以作形容词、介词、名词等，作形容词时表示“以前的，过去的”等；作介词时表示“经过，
超出（范围等）”；作名词时表示“过去，昔时，往事”等。
Frank is proud of his past experience. I go past the garden.
Can you tell me something about your past?
Next and Other
next 表示时间顺序上“紧接的，下一个”，如果以现在为基准，则 next 前一般不加 the；如果以过去或
将来的某一时间为基准，则 next 前面要加 the 或其他修饰词。
next day 第二天
Mary phoned the next day to tell us that she couldn’t come to the party.
第二天玛丽打来电话告诉我们她不能参加晚会了。
the other day =a few days ago (几天前)，
Mary phoned the other day to tell us that she had arrived in London.
前几天玛丽来电话告诉我们她已到达伦敦。
the other day 出现一定是过去时；next day 有可能是过去式, 有可能是将来式
【Multiple choice questions】
- She swam to the shore ___a___ the night in the water.
a. having spent b. having spending c. when spending d. had spent
只有谓语动词才有时态，句子中如果没有连词, 但有两个动词, 要把其中一个动词变成非谓语动词
从语法上讲 a, c 都对
用“when +doing”句型（when 是连词的标志）时主语要跟主句的相同，谓语动词含有 be doing 结构 (两
个条件必须满足)
When standing there I found the book very interesting. (省略了 I was) She swam to the shore after spending the whole night in the water.
- How ___c___ was the shore? Eight miles.
a. away far b. far from c. far away d. long far from +地点(必须加)
对距离提问：
How far away…? (away 可省略) What's the distance…?
- That was all she remembered. She couldn't remember ___b___.
a. some more b. anymore c. no more d. none more not any more = not any longer = not any further 不 再
no，none 不会和 more 连用, some 不会出现在否定句中
12 That was all she remembered. She couldn't _ c_ very much
a. remind b. memorise c. recollect d. mind
remind v. 提醒 ； memorise v. 记住 ；
recollect v. 回忆 ； mind v. 介意
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