本文主要是介绍Java中Collections,希望对大家解决编程问题提供一定的参考价值,需要的开发者们随着小编来一起学习吧!
Collection是集合类的一个顶级接口,其直接继承接口有List与Set
而Collections则是集合类的一个工具类/帮助类,其中提供了一系列静态方法,用于对集合中元素进行排序、搜索以及线程安全等各种操作。此类不能实例化。Collections中有一些工具函数,比如说sort、reverse、fill等等。
- 看到了之后比较的好奇呗,在hashtable的时候进行同步,为了防止引用返回后别修改,使用了Collections.unmodifiableCollection 这个东西。
这个的主要用途是。可以得到一个集合的镜像。防止返回的东西被修改。只能查看当前集合的值,而不能去修改这个值。
看看源码就比较清楚这个过程了。
static class UnmodifiableCollection<E> implements Collection<E>, Serializable {private static final long serialVersionUID = 1820017752578914078L;final Collection<? extends E> c;UnmodifiableCollection(Collection<? extends E> c) {if (c==null)throw new NullPointerException();this.c = c;}public int size() {return c.size();}public boolean isEmpty() {return c.isEmpty();}public boolean contains(Object o) {return c.contains(o);}public Object[] toArray() {return c.toArray();}public <T> T[] toArray(T[] a) {return c.toArray(a);}public String toString() {return c.toString();}public Iterator<E> iterator() {return new Iterator<E>() {private final Iterator<? extends E> i = c.iterator();public boolean hasNext() {return i.hasNext();}public E next() {return i.next();}public void remove() {throw new UnsupportedOperationException();}@Overridepublic void forEachRemaining(Consumer<? super E> action) {// Use backing collection versioni.forEachRemaining(action);}};}public boolean add(E e) {throw new UnsupportedOperationException();}public boolean remove(Object o) {throw new UnsupportedOperationException();}public boolean containsAll(Collection<?> coll) {return c.containsAll(coll);}public boolean addAll(Collection<? extends E> coll) {throw new UnsupportedOperationException();}public boolean removeAll(Collection<?> coll) {throw new UnsupportedOperationException();}public boolean retainAll(Collection<?> coll) {throw new UnsupportedOperationException();}public void clear() {throw new UnsupportedOperationException();}// Override default methods in Collection@Overridepublic void forEach(Consumer<? super E> action) {c.forEach(action);}@Overridepublic boolean removeIf(Predicate<? super E> filter) {throw new UnsupportedOperationException();}@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")@Overridepublic Spliterator<E> spliterator() {return (Spliterator<E>)c.spliterator();}@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")@Overridepublic Stream<E> stream() {return (Stream<E>)c.stream();}@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")@Overridepublic Stream<E> parallelStream() {return (Stream<E>)c.parallelStream();}}
来个小例子。可以对这个集合修改后,由于引用了,所以可以得到这个引用的值。同事呢,在修改增加的时候是不允许这样处理的。非常棒的采用代理的模式,让我们集合的某一些属性被隐藏不能让别人进行处理。对于多线程中,这样保持,属性的封闭性起到了非常棒的效果。
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.Collections;public class Test1 {public static void main(String[] args) {// TODO Auto-generated method stubCollection<String> c = new ArrayList<String>(); Collection<String> s = Collections.unmodifiableCollection(c); c.add("str");//s.add("ddd");/* Exception in thread "main" java.lang.UnsupportedOperationExceptionat java.util.Collections$UnmodifiableCollection.add(Collections.java:1075)at test.Test1.main(Test1.java:16)*/ System.out.println(s); //str}}
- 除了这些之外,还有一些简单粗暴的封装一些通用的集合,进行多线程的一致性的处理!
这些处理的时候,都采用了,很单一的方式维护为唯一性。Synchronized
synchronized关键字的作用域有二种:
1)是某个对象实例内,
synchronized aMethod(){}可以防止多个线程同时访问这个对象的synchronized方法(如果一个对象有多个synchronized方法,只要一个线程访问了其中的一个synchronized方法,其它线程不能同时访问这个对象中任何一个synchronized方法)
这时,不同的对象实例的synchronized方法是不相干扰的。也就是说,其它线程照样可以同时访问相同类的另一个对象实例中的synchronized方法;
2)是某个类的范围,synchronized static aStaticMethod{}防止多个线程同时访问这个类中的synchronized static 方法。它可以对类的所有对象实例起作用。
static class SynchronizedCollection<E> implements Collection<E>, Serializable {private static final long serialVersionUID = 3053995032091335093L;final Collection<E> c; // Backing Collectionfinal Object mutex; // Object on which to synchronizeSynchronizedCollection(Collection<E> c) {this.c = Objects.requireNonNull(c);mutex = this;}SynchronizedCollection(Collection<E> c, Object mutex) {this.c = Objects.requireNonNull(c);this.mutex = Objects.requireNonNull(mutex);}public int size() {synchronized (mutex) {return c.size();}}public boolean isEmpty() {synchronized (mutex) {return c.isEmpty();}}public boolean contains(Object o) {synchronized (mutex) {return c.contains(o);}}public Object[] toArray() {synchronized (mutex) {return c.toArray();}}public <T> T[] toArray(T[] a) {synchronized (mutex) {return c.toArray(a);}}public Iterator<E> iterator() {return c.iterator(); // Must be manually synched by user!}public boolean add(E e) {synchronized (mutex) {return c.add(e);}}public boolean remove(Object o) {synchronized (mutex) {return c.remove(o);}}public boolean containsAll(Collection<?> coll) {synchronized (mutex) {return c.containsAll(coll);}}public boolean addAll(Collection<? extends E> coll) {synchronized (mutex) {return c.addAll(coll);}}public boolean removeAll(Collection<?> coll) {synchronized (mutex) {return c.removeAll(coll);}}public boolean retainAll(Collection<?> coll) {synchronized (mutex) {return c.retainAll(coll);}}public void clear() {synchronized (mutex) {c.clear();}}public String toString() {synchronized (mutex) {return c.toString();}}// Override default methods in Collection@Overridepublic void forEach(Consumer<? super E> consumer) {synchronized (mutex) {c.forEach(consumer);}}@Overridepublic boolean removeIf(Predicate<? super E> filter) {synchronized (mutex) {return c.removeIf(filter);}}@Overridepublic Spliterator<E> spliterator() {return c.spliterator(); // Must be manually synched by user!}@Overridepublic Stream<E> stream() {return c.stream(); // Must be manually synched by user!}@Overridepublic Stream<E> parallelStream() {return c.parallelStream(); // Must be manually synched by user!}private void writeObject(ObjectOutputStream s) throws IOException {synchronized (mutex) {s.defaultWriteObject();}}}
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